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        Evolutionary host shifts across plant orders despite high host specificity in tree stem surface-living Stomaphis aphids inferred from molecular phylogeny

        Matsuura Takumi,Yamamoto Tetsuya,Matsumoto Yoshiyuki,Itino Takao 한국응용곤충학회 2023 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.26 No.4

        We reconstructed Stomaphis phylogeny and analyzed evolutionary host-plant shifts. The molecular phylogeny revealed 23 well-supported lineages, each specialized to use specific host plant family, whilst host plants of Stomaphis aphids ranged across 6 orders, 11 families, 21 genera, and 28 species. This combination of high host specificity with evolutionarily distant host shifts is exceptional in herbivores. To explain this pattern, we propose one hypothesis among several possibilities: Stomaphis aphids are generalists with respect to the defensive chemicals produced by the plant, but specialists with respect to the stem surface structure of the host tree. This hypothesis predicts that tree taxa having stem surface structures preferred by Stomaphis would be used again and again by genetically distinct Stomaphis lineages. Consistent with this prediction, we found that different (occa sionally phylogenetically distant) Stomaphis lineages shared the same host plant genera such as Alnus and Betula. This result suggests that, in the course of their evolutionary history, Japanese Stomaphis aphids have repeatedly colonized a limited number of host plant genera.

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        Discovery of cryptic diversity in phytophagous gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with different ecotypes of the perennial herb Cimicifuga simplex

        Toji Tsubasa,Tokuda Makoto,Yamamoto Tetsuya,Nakase Yuta,Itino Takao 한국응용곤충학회 2021 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.24 No.4

        Studying the diversification patterns of species-rich phytophagous insect taxa can help us understand the factors that cause species diversification. We conducted a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial COI gene of larvae of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) using three genetically differentiated morphs of Cimicifuga simplex plants and found that the gall midges could be divided into five major clades. Gall midges collected from morph I of C. simplex belonged to four Schizomyia clades. Gall midges collected from morph II of C. simplex belonged to one of the four Schizomyia clades collected from morph I. Gall midges collected from morph III belonged one Contarinia clade. On morphs I and II of C. simplex, the Schizomyia species induced galls on the flower bud, whereas on morph III of C. simplex, the Contarinia species was collected from normal fruits (not gall inducer); thus, morph III plants were used differently by gall midges than plants of morphs I and II. These results indicate that the cryptic diversity of these phytophagous insects correspond to that of plant ecotypes, and sug gests that the diversification of the host plant contributed to parallel diversification of the phytophagous gall midges.

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