On Plural Anaphora

( Kiyoshi Ishikawa ) 한국언어정보학회 1998 국제 워크샵 Vol.1998 No.-

In order to formulate truth-conditionally satisfactory semantics in a compost-tional manner, model-theoretic semanticists sometimes posit morphology-semantics mismatches. Among them are Kamp and Reyle (1993), who occasionally ignore English plural morphology in constructing their analysis of anaphora. Our goal in this paper is to demonstrate that natural language morphology is a better guide for a compositional semantics than Kamp and Ryle assume. By refining the semantics of plurality put forth in Ishikawa (1995a), we construct an analysis of plural anaphora in a way that respects English plural morphology. Our results suggest that natural language morphology is not as redundant as usually assumed.

Lexicogrammar of the L2 English Essays Written by Asian College Students: A Corpus-Based Study

Shin’ichiro Ishikawa 아시아테플 2024 The Journal of Asia TEFL Vol.21 No.1

By combining a contrastive interlanguage analysis (Granger, 1996, 2015) and a multidimensional analysis (Biber, 1988), this study compared the essays written by Asian college students (in China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand) and L1 English native speakers (ENS). These essays were taken from the International Corpus Network of Asian Learners of English (ICNALE; Ishikawa, 2023a). Through four analyses based on dimension scores, key lexicogrammatical features, clustering, and classification, this study revealed that Asian learners tended to write less informational, less narrative, less overtly expressive, less abstract, and less time-constraint types of essays than ENS. It was also suggested that the lexicogrammatical features of essays were influenced more strongly by learners’ L2 proficiency levels than their countries/regions and that learner essays were classified into four archetypes: colloquial and personal, interactive and persuasive, static and descriptive, and dynamic and reflective. These findings will shed new light on our understanding of Asian learners’ L2 English use.

韓国学習者の日本語動詞獲得モデル: 学習者総体モデルとの比較 ― 「多言語母語の日本語学習者横断コーパス」の絵描写作文を用いた検証 ―

石川慎一郎 ( Shin’ichiro¸ Ishikawa ) 한국일어교육학회 2021 일본어교육연구 Vol.- No.56

本論文では「多言語母語の日本語学習者横断コーパス」(I-JAS)に含まれる韓国学習者(KLJ)による絵描写作文を習熟度レベルごとに分析し、KLJの動詞獲得過程のモデル化を試みた。分析結果は、同コーパスに含まれる海外日本語学習者の総体(WLJ)データを分析した石川(2021)と比較された。RQ1(動詞使用量)については、習熟度別に見た場合、KLJとWLJともに逆U字型のパタンを示すことが確認された。RQ2(マーカー動詞)に関して、母語話者との比較の結果、KLJが使用できない動詞には(a)複合動詞,(b)慣用動詞、(c)否定的ニュアンスを含む動詞など、KLJのみが使用する動詞には(d)意思·意図に関する誤用、(e)文脈の不適合、(f)複合動詞要素の誤用、(g)不要な内容の言語化などが含まれ、いずれもWLJと同じパタンを示すことが確認された。RQ3(習熟度分類)については、KLJの動詞獲得がⅠ(存在動詞·移動動詞など)→Ⅱ(動詞の拡張)→Ⅲ(複合動詞成分·アスペクト成分·サ変動詞など)→Ⅳ(高度な複合動詞成分·変化動詞など)の4段階に区分され、ほぼWLJに重なることが示された。RQ4(習熟度推定)については、7種の動詞(入る·為る·見る·仕舞う·知る·来る·入れる)の使用頻度によって習熟度を63%の精度で予測できるが、予測モデルに含まれる動詞はWLJの場合とは異なることが示された。動詞獲得におけるKLJの固有特性は限定的で、KLJの特徴の大部分は日本語学習者全般の特徴であると言える。この点をふまえれば、日本語学習者コーパス研究においては、L1差よりもL2習熟度差を優先した分析が必要だと考えられる。 Using the International Corpus of Japanese as a Second Language (I-JAS), this study analyzed the picture description essays written by Korean learners of Japanese (KLJ) at different L2 proficiency levels to explore the process of their acquisition of L2 Japanese verbs. The results were compared to the verb acquisition process of the whole learners of Japanese (WLJ) reported in Ishikawa (2021). The corpus-based analyses showed that (1) an inverted U pattern existed in terms of the number of tokens/ types of the verbs used in the essays for both KLJ and WLJ, (2) when compared to the verb usage of Japanese native-speakers (JNS), some verbs were used only by JNS and others only by KLJ, and these “marker” verbs were almost the same for KLJ and WLJ, (3) KLJ’s verb acquisition process could be subdivided into four stages: 1 (existential verbs/ verbs of moving), 2 (a greater variety of verbs), 3 (composite verbs and aspectual verbs), and 4 (complex composite verbs and verbs of change), which were almost identical to the patterns for WLJ, and (4) KLJ’s L2 proficiency could be explained by the frequency of seven types of verbs (hairu, suru, miru, shimau, shiru, kuru, ireru) with 63% accuracy, though these verbs were different from a set of verbs adopted in the regression model for WLJ. These findings corroborated that KLJ’s verb acquisition pattern did not differ much from the pattern for WLJ, which may suggest the need for the Japanese learner corpus studies focusing on learners’ L2 proficiency rather than on their L1 types.

Growth and Photosynthetic Responses of One C₃and Two C₄Chenopodiaceae Plants to Three CO₂Concentration Conditions

Ishikawa, Shin-Ichi 한국생태학회 2008 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.31 No.4

Growth and photosynthetic responses of one C₃and two C₄plants in the family Chenopodiaceae in three CO₂concentration ([CO₂]) conditions-low (about 243 μmol mol-1, LC), present (about 378, PC), and high (about 465, HC)-were investigated in open top chambers. The relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate in the C₃plant, Chenopodium album, increased with increasing [CO₂], though the RGR was not enhanced significantly in the HC condition. The leaf area ratio and leaf weight ratio of the C₃plant drastically decreased with increasing [CO₂], suggesting that the C₃plant invests more biomass to leaves in lower [CO₂] conditions. The two C₄plants, Atriplex glauca and A. lentiformis, showed relatively small changes in those growth parameters. These photosynthetic-pathway-dependent responses suggest that growth patterns of C₃and C₄plants have been altered by past increases in atmospheric [CO₂] but that there will be relatively little further alteration in the future high-CO₂world. Growth and photosynthetic responses of one C₃and two C₄plants in the family Chenopodiaceae in three CO₂concentration ([CO₂]) conditions-low (about 243 μmol mol-1, LC), present (about 378, PC), and high (about 465, HC)-were investigated in open top chambers. The relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate in the C₃plant, Chenopodium album, increased with increasing [CO₂], though the RGR was not enhanced significantly in the HC condition. The leaf area ratio and leaf weight ratio of the C₃plant drastically decreased with increasing [CO₂], suggesting that the C₃plant invests more biomass to leaves in lower [CO₂] conditions. The two C₄plants, Atriplex glauca and A. lentiformis, showed relatively small changes in those growth parameters. These photosynthetic-pathway-dependent responses suggest that growth patterns of C₃and C₄plants have been altered by past increases in atmospheric [CO₂] but that there will be relatively little further alteration in the future high-CO₂world.

Presynaptic N-type and P/Q-type Ca²⁺channels mediating synaptic transmission at the calyx of Held of mice : Presynaptic N- and P/Q-type Ca²⁺currents

Ishikawa, Taro,Kaneko, Masahiro,Shin, Hee-Sup,Takahashi, Tomoyuki Wiley (The Physiological Society) 2005 The Journal of physiology Vol.568 No.1

<P>At the nerve terminal, both N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels mediate synaptic transmission, with their relative contribution varying between synapses and with postnatal age. To clarify functional significance of different presynaptic Ca2+ channel subtypes, we recorded N-type and P/Q-type Ca2+ currents directly from calyces of Held nerve terminals in alpha1A-subunit-deficient mice and wild-type (WT) mice, respectively. The most prominent feature of P/Q-type Ca2+ currents was activity-dependent facilitation, which was absent for N-type Ca2+ currents. EPSCs mediated by P/Q-type Ca2+ currents showed less depression during high-frequency stimulation compared with those mediated by N-type Ca2+ currents. In addition, the maximal inhibition by the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen was greater for EPSCs mediated by N-type channels than for those mediated by P/Q-type channels. These results suggest that the developmental switch of presynaptic Ca2+ channels from N- to P/Q-type may serve to increase synaptic efficacy at high frequencies of activity, securing high-fidelity synaptic transmission.</P>

The Role of a Developmental Agency in Peacebuilding: Trace One-and-a-Half Mediation in Mindanao

Ishikawa, Sachiko 서울대학교 통일평화연구원 2014 Asian Journal of Peacebuilding Vol.2 No.1

Japan’s development assistance to conflict-affected areas in Mindanao, southern Philippines, opened new pathways for the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) to support multilateral peacebuilding efforts. JICA, in collaboration with Universiti Sains Malaysia, organized a series of Consolidation for Peace Seminars as Track One-and-a-Half mediations. Two aspects of Japan’s assistance to Mindanao enabled JICA to engage in peacemaking. First, Japan’s assistance to Mindanao formed a unique tripartite cooperation mechanism consisting of the International Monitoring Team, Mindanao Task Force, and Japan-Bangsamoro Initiative for Reconstruction and Development. JICA took part in all three modes of assistance. Second, providing assistance under a volatile cease-fire agreement in Mindanao motivated JICA to become involved in peacemaking outside the traditional function of development assistance.

Analysis of a PM Motor Drive System by a Coupled Method with MATLAB and FEM

Ishikawa T.,Sunaga T.,Nakamura S.,Mori D.,Hashimoto S.,Matsunami M. The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2005 KIEE International Transactions on Electrical Mach Vol.b5 No.3

Finite element method (FEM) is a very powerful tool for the calculation of magnetic field of electromagnetic devices. MATLAB/Simulink is also well known as a very useful tool for control systems. This paper proposes a very promising method, where the FEM is coupled with MATLAB. We apply this method to analyze a permanent magnet (PM) motor drive system, and compare with results using MATLAB only.

Neuroglobin dynamics observed with ultrafast 2D-IR vibrational echo spectroscopy

Ishikawa, H.,Finkelstein, I. J.,Kim, S.,Kwak, K.,Chung, J. K.,Wakasugi, K.,Massari, A. M.,Fayer, M. D. National Academy of Sciences 2007 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.104 No.41

Situated Groups

( Ishikawa Kiyoshi ) 한국언어정보학회 1994 국제 워크샵 Vol.1994 No.-

The referents of plural NP`s denote groups, by their nature, but at the same time, we want to say that they denote atomic individuals in some cases. By analyzing such dual nature of plural NP`s in Situation Semanties, we offer a straightforward and unified analysis which accoumts not only for various readings of plural NP`s but also for the so-ealled Committee and Judge/Hangman Puzzles.

국외논문 정보 - 여름철 옥외 작업시 구강급수액 섭취가 피로에 미치는 영향: 무작위 교차 연구

Ishikawa, Tomohisa,Tamura, Hideru,Ishiguro, Haruya,Yamaguchi, Keiko,Minami, Kazufumi 대한산업보건협회 2010 산업보건 Vol.269 No.-