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Development of the Copper Core Balls Electroplated with the Solder of Sn-Ag-Cu
Imae Shinya,Sugitani Yuji,Nishida Motonori,kajita Osamu,Takeuchi Takao 한국분말야금학회 2006 한국분말야금학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.1
We developed the copper core ball electroplated with Sn-Ag-Cu of the eutectic composition which used mostly as Pb free solder ball with high reliability. In order to search for the practicality of this developed copper core ball, the evaluation was executed by measuring the initial joint strength of the sample mounted on the substrate and reflowed and by measuring the joint strength of the sample after the high temperature leaving test and the constant temperature and the humidity leaving test. This evaluation was compered with those of the usual other copper core balls electroplated with (Sn,Sn-Ag,Sn-Cu,Sn-Bi) and the Sn-Ag-Cu solder ball.
Optimal design of reinforced concrete beams: A review
Ima Rahmanian,Yves Lucet,Solomon Tesfamariam 사단법인 한국계산역학회 2014 Computers and Concrete, An International Journal Vol.13 No.4
This paper summarizes available literature on the optimization of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The objective of optimization (e.g. minimum cost or weight), the design variables and the constraints considered by different studies vary widely and therefore, different optimization methods have been employed to provide the optimal design of RC beams, whether as isolated structural components or as part of a structural frame. The review of literature suggests that nonlinear deterministic approaches can be efficiently employed to provide optimal design of RC beams, given the small number of variables. This paper also presents spreadsheet implementation of cost optimization of RC beams in the familiar MS Excel environment to illustrate the efficiency of the exhaustive enumeration method for such small discrete search spaces and to promote its use by engineers and researchers. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is performed on the contribution of various design parameters to the variability of the overall cost of RC beams.
Palm Vitamin E Prevents Osteoporosis in Orchidectomized Growing Male Rats
S. Ima Nirwana,A. Kiftiah,A. G. Zainal,M. Norazlina,M. T. Gapor,B. A. K. Khalid 한국생약학회 2000 Natural Product Sciences Vol.6 No.4
Testosterone deficiency increased bone resorption, giving rise to osteoporosis. Testosterone deficiency also increased lipid peroxidation and free radical formation. Free radicals have been shown to be toxic to osteoblasts as well as to activate osteoclasts. In this study, the effects of giving an antioxidant, i.e. vitamin E-rich extract from palm oil on bone mineral density and calcium content was studied. Palm vitamin E prevented the loss in bone mineral density due to orchidectomy, seen in the whole femur, proximal amd midshaft regions, as well as L4 vertebra. Similar observations were seen in bone calcium content of the L5 vertebra. Giving palm olein also prevented the loss in bone mineral density in the femoral midshaft and L4 vertebra; and bone calcium content in the L5 vertebra. In conclusion, vitamin E-rich extract from palm oil was effective in preventing the toss in bone mineral density and calcium content of orchidectomized male rats. This action is probably due to its role as an antioxidant.
The Environmental Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks
Ituen, Ima,Sohn, Gun-Ho The Korea Contents Association 2007 International Journal of Contents Vol.3 No.4
There has been increased interest in wireless sensors in the last few years. This paper provides insight into the properties that make these sensors so attractive, specifically considering their efficiency, data reliability, and the ability to verify the data generated. Some advantages a wireless network presents over traditional information sensing are discussed as well. The paper considers how the environmental field can benefit from using these networks. Some of the possible challenges this industry will face in adopting this new method of data sampling and collection are also considered. A project we conducted raised concern over measures needed for the integrity of the communication system to be maintained, thus ensuring the integrity of the data being collected. From results of an experimental project conducted in York University, the reliability and usefulness of a sensor network is discussed.
An LQ Approach to Constrained Nonlinear Optimal Control Problems via Riccati Transformation
Joe Imae,Tomonari Ando,Tomoaki Kobayashi,Guisheng Zhai 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.8
A new algorithm for numerical solutions of constrained nonlinear optimal control problems has been proposed based on Riccati transformation. First, we approximate the constrained nonlinear optimal control problems by the Taylor expansion technique. Then, constructing the constrained LQ problems as the accessory problems, we analytically solve them via Riccati transformation. Finally, repeating the above procedure, we eventually obtain the optimal solutions for constrained nonlinear optimal control problems. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been demonstrated through simulation.
S. Ima-Nirwana,S. Suhaniza 한국식품영양과학회 2004 Journal of medicinal food Vol.7 No.1
Long-term glucocorticoid treatment is associated with severe side effects, such as obesity and osteoporosis. Apalm oil-derived vitamin E mixture had been shown previously to be protective against osteoporosis in rats given 120 mg/kgdexamethasone daily for 12 weeks. In this study we determined the effects of two isomers of vitamin E (i.e.,palm oil-derivedg-tocotrienol and the commercially available a-tocopherol, 60 mg/kg of body weight/day) on body composition and bone cal-cium content in adrenalectomized rats replaced with two doses of dexamethasone, 120 mg/kg and 240 mg/kg daily. Treatmentperiod was 8 weeks. g-Tocotrienol (60 mg/kg of body weight/day) was found to reduce body fat mass and increase the fourthlumbar vertebra bone calcium content in these rats, while a-tocopherol (60 mg/kg of body weight/day) was ineffective. There-fore, in conclusion, palm oil-derived g-tocotrienol has the potential to be utilized as a prophylactic agent in prevention of theside effects of long-term glucocorticoid use.
Minimum rank of skew-symmetric matrices described by a graph
North Holland [etc.] 2010 Linear algebra and its applications Vol.432 No.10
The minimum (symmetric) rank of a simple graph G over a field F is the smallest possible rank among all symmetric matrices over F whose ijth entry (for i<>j) is nonzero whenever {i,j} is an edge in G and is zero otherwise. The problem of determining minimum (symmetric) rank has been studied extensively. We define the minimum skew rank of a simple graph G to be the smallest possible rank among all skew-symmetric matrices over F whose ijth entry (for i<>j) is nonzero whenever {i,j} is an edge in G and is zero otherwise. We apply techniques from the minimum (symmetric) rank problem and from skew-symmetric matrices to obtain results about the minimum skew rank problem.