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RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS IN A PROBABILISTIC RISK ANALYSIS FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
Authen, Stefan,Holmberg, Jan-Erik Korean Nuclear Society 2012 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.44 No.5
To assess the risk of nuclear power plant operation and to determine the risk impact of digital systems, there is a need to quantitatively assess the reliability of the digital systems in a justifiable manner. The Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA) is a tool which can reveal shortcomings of the NPP design in general and PRA analysts have not had sufficient guiding principles in modelling particular digital components malfunctions. Currently digital I&C systems are mostly analyzed simply and conventionally in PRA, based on failure mode and effects analysis and fault tree modelling. More dynamic approaches are still in the trial stage and can be difficult to apply in full scale PRA-models. As basic events CPU failures, application software failures and common cause failures (CCF) between identical components are modelled.The primary goal is to model dependencies. However, it is not clear which failure modes or system parts CCF:s should be postulated for. A clear distinction can be made between the treatment of protection and control systems. There is a general consensus that protection systems shall be included in PRA, while control systems can be treated in a limited manner. OECD/NEA CSNI Working Group on Risk Assessment (WGRisk) has set up a task group, called DIGREL, to develop taxonomy of failure modes of digital components for the purposes of PRA. The taxonomy is aimed to be the basis of future modelling and quantification efforts. It will also help to define a structure for data collection and to review PRA studies.
NEW ADVANCEMENTS IN GAS SENSITIVE FIELD EFFECT DEVICES : SENSOR ARRAYS FOR ODOUR IDENTIFICATION
Lundström, Ingemar,Holmberg, Martin,Sundgren, Hans,Winquist, Fredrik 경북대학교 센서기술연구소 1994 센서技術學術大會論文集 Vol.5 No.1
Several advancements are still made regarding gas sensitive field effect structures like the use of new gate materials, new semiconductor substrates for high temperature operation, the detection of new classes of molecules, and the develoμment of new models for the detection mechanisms. In this contribution we concentrate on sensor arrays with field effect devices. Models for the detection mechanism of gas sensitive field effect devices are first reviewed. An emphasis is put on the different possibilities to change the selectivity patterns of such devices. These are related to the choice of gate metal and operation temperature. It is shown how sensor arrays with different field effect devices combined with other types of sensors can be used for odour identification and classification purposes. More specifically an electronic nose consisting of ten of the MOSFET devices, four Taguchi sensors and a carbon dioxide monitor is described. Applications of the hybrid array for the classification of ground meat in terms of its age and of different qualities of packaging materials are two examples which are discussed.
RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS IN A PROBABILISTIC RISK ANALYSIS FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
STEFAN AUTHÉN,JAN-ERIK HOLMBERG 한국원자력학회 2012 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.44 No.5
To assess the risk of nuclear power plant operation and to determine the risk impact of digital systems, there is a need to quantitatively assess the reliability of the digital systems in a justifiable manner. The Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA) is a tool which can reveal shortcomings of the NPP design in general and PRA analysts have not had sufficient guiding principles in modelling particular digital components malfunctions. Currently digital I&C systems are mostly analyzed simply and conventionally in PRA, based on failure mode and effects analysis and fault tree modelling. More dynamic approaches are still in the trial stage and can be difficult to apply in full scale PRA-models. As basic events CPU failures, application software failures and common cause failures (CCF) between identical components are modelled.The primary goal is to model dependencies. However, it is not clear which failure modes or system parts CCF:s should be postulated for. A clear distinction can be made between the treatment of protection and control systems. There is a general consensus that protection systems shall be included in PRA, while control systems can be treated in a limited manner. OECD/NEA CSNI Working Group on Risk Assessment (WGRisk) has set up a task group, called DIGREL, to develop taxonomy of failure modes of digital components for the purposes of PRA. The taxonomy is aimed to be the basis of future modelling and quantification efforts. It will also help to define a structure for data collection and to review PRA studies.
Adam M. Greenbaum,Damian J. Green,Leona A. Holmberg,Ted Gooley,Brian G. Till,Lihua E. Budde,Heather Rasmussen,Oliver W. Press,Ajay K. Gopal 대한혈액학회 2018 Blood Research Vol.53 No.3
Background Bendamustine is a chemotherapeutic agent that has shown broad activity in patients with lymphoid malignancies. It contains both alkylating and nucleoside analog moieties, and thus, is not commonly used for stem cell mobilization due to concerns that it may ad-versely affect stem cell collection. Here we describe the lymphoma subset of a pro-spective, non-randomized phase II study of bendamustine, etoposide, and dex-amethasone (BED) as a mobilization agent for lymphoid malignancies. Methods This subset analysis includes diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (N=3), follicular lymphoma (N=1), primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (N=1), and NK/T-cell lymphoma (N=1). Patients received bendamustine (120 mg/m2 IV d 1, 2), etoposide (200 mg/m2 IV d 1‒3), and dexamethasone (40 mg PO d 1‒4) followed by filgrastim (10 mcg/kg/d sc. through collection). Results We successfully collected stem cells from all patients, with a median of 7.9×106/kg of body weight (range, 4.4 to 17.3×106/kg) over a median of 1.5 days (range, 1 to 3) of apheresis. All patients who received transplants were engrafted using kinetics that were comparable to those of other mobilization regimens. Three non-hematologic significant adverse events were observed in one patient, and included bacterial sepsis (grade 3), tumor lysis syndrome (grade 3), and disease progression (grade 5). Conclusion For non-Hodgkin lymphoma, mobilization with bendamustine is safe and effective.
Adam M. Greenbaum,Damian J. Green,Leona A. Holmberg,Ted Gooley,Brian G. Till,Lihua E. Budde,Heather Rasmussen,Oliver W. Press,Ajay K. Gopal 대한혈액학회 2018 Blood Research Vol.53 No.3
Background Bendamustine is a chemotherapeutic agent that has shown broad activity in patients with lymphoid malignancies. It contains both alkylating and nucleoside analog moieties, and thus, is not commonly used for stem cell mobilization due to concerns that it may ad-versely affect stem cell collection. Here we describe the lymphoma subset of a pro-spective, non-randomized phase II study of bendamustine, etoposide, and dex-amethasone (BED) as a mobilization agent for lymphoid malignancies. Methods This subset analysis includes diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (N=3), follicular lymphoma (N=1), primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (N=1), and NK/T-cell lymphoma (N=1). Patients received bendamustine (120 mg/m2 IV d 1, 2), etoposide (200 mg/m2 IV d 1‒3), and dexamethasone (40 mg PO d 1‒4) followed by filgrastim (10 mcg/kg/d sc. through collection). Results We successfully collected stem cells from all patients, with a median of 7.9×106/kg of body weight (range, 4.4 to 17.3×106/kg) over a median of 1.5 days (range, 1 to 3) of apheresis. All patients who received transplants were engrafted using kinetics that were comparable to those of other mobilization regimens. Three non-hematologic significant adverse events were observed in one patient, and included bacterial sepsis (grade 3), tumor lysis syndrome (grade 3), and disease progression (grade 5). Conclusion For non-Hodgkin lymphoma, mobilization with bendamustine is safe and effective.
Moss, Jennifer,Tinline-Purvis, Helen,Walker, Carol A,Folkes, Lisa K,Stratford, Michael R,Hayles, Jacqueline,Hoe, Kwang-Lae,Kim, Dong-Uk,Park, Han-Oh,Kearsey, Stephen E,Fleck, Oliver,Holmberg, Christia Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in association with 2010 Genes & development Vol.24 No.23
<P>Nucleotide synthesis is a universal response to DNA damage, but how this response facilitates DNA repair and cell survival is unclear. Here we establish a role for DNA damage-induced nucleotide synthesis in homologous recombination (HR) repair in fission yeast. Using a genetic screen, we found the Ddb1-Cul4(Cdt2) ubiquitin ligase complex and ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) to be required for HR repair of a DNA double-strand break (DSB). The Ddb1-Cul4(Cdt2) ubiquitin ligase complex is required for degradation of Spd1, an inhibitor of RNR in fission yeast. Accordingly, deleting spd1(+) suppressed the DNA damage sensitivity and the reduced HR efficiency associated with loss of ddb1(+) or cdt2(+). Furthermore, we demonstrate a role for nucleotide synthesis in postsynaptic gap filling of resected ssDNA ends during HR repair. Finally, we define a role for Rad3 (ATR) in nucleotide synthesis and HR through increasing Cdt2 nuclear levels in response to DNA damage. Our findings support a model in which break-induced Rad3 and Ddb1-Cul4(Cdt2) ubiquitin ligase-dependent Spd1 degradation and RNR activation promotes postsynaptic ssDNA gap filling during HR repair.</P>