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A Preliminary Study of Patchouli Oil Extraction by Microwave Air-Hydrodistillation Method
( Heri Septya Kusuma ),( Ali Altway ),( Mahfud Mahfud ) 한국화학공학회 2017 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.55 No.4
Patchouli oil extraction in general is still using conventional methods that require a long time of extraction. It is therefore necessary to develop extraction methods to obtain patchouli oil with optimum yield and quality. One of the new methods, which has been successfully developed, is microwave hydrodistillation (MHD). In addition to optimizing the extraction process of patchouli oil, this study also used microwave air-hydrodistillation (MAHD). Based on the research results, extraction using MAHD method can produce higher yield of patchouli oil when compared using MHD method. Also, based on the results of the analysis by GC-MS, extraction using MAHD method can produce quality of patchouli oil that is almost the same when compared using MHD method. This is supported by the results of the analysis by GC-MS, which showed that the content of patchouli alcohol is the main component of patchouli oil, and is almost the same for patchouli oil extracted using MHD method (26.32%) and MAHD method (25.23%).
( Heri Septya Kusuma ),( Taufik Imam Rohadi ),( Edwin Fatah Daniswara ),( Ali Altway ),( Mahfud Mahfud ) 한국화학공학회 2017 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.55 No.4
In Indonesia, vetiver oil is one commodity that plays an important role in the country`s foreign exchange earnings. Currently, the extraction of essential oil from vetiver still uses conventional methods. Therefore, the aim of this study was to know and verify the kinetics and mechanism of microwave hydrodistillation of vetiver based on two models. In this study, microwave hydrodistillation was used to extract essential oils from vetiver. The extraction was carried out in nine extraction cycles of 20 min to 3 hours. The rate constant, the equilibrium extraction capacity, and the initial extraction rate were calculated using the two models. Kinetics of oil extraction from vetiver by microwave hydrodistillation proved that the extraction process was based on the second-order extraction model. The second-order model was satisfactorily applied, with high coefficients of correlation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9427), showing that it well described the process.
Heri Septya Kusuma,Ali Altway,Mahfud Mahfud 한국공업화학회 2018 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.58 No.-
Solvent-free microwave extraction method was first employed to extract essential oil from dried patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) leaves. The effects of solvent-free microwave extraction variables including microwave power, ratio between mass of raw material with volume of distiller (F/D), raw material size and extraction time on the yield of essential oil were investigated. Meanwhile, the effects of solvent-free microwave extraction method in the chemical components of essential oil were also evaluated. The optimized conditions was as follows: microwave power of 450 W, ratio between mass of raw material with volume of distiller (F/D) of 0.06 g/mL, raw material size of intact (4.66 ± 1.41 cm) and extraction time of 90 min. Moreover, the extraction time was sufficient for solvent-free microwave extraction method to obtain higher yield than that using microwave hydrodistillation method for 3 h, indicating a significant reduction of extraction time and an improvement of efficiency. The composition of the essential oil was then determined by GC–MS, and 16 components were identified. The composition of essential oil obtained using solvent-free microwave extraction method meets the quality standard ISO 3757: 2002 (E), and the major component is patchouli alcohol (53.68%). This study suggests that solvent-free microwave extraction method is a rapid and efficient alternative for the extraction of essential oil from dried patchouli (P. cablin Benth) leaves, with a great potential for industrial application.
Kusuma, Heri Septya,Ansori, Ansori,Wibowo, Sasmitha,Bhuana, Donny Satria,Mahfud, Mahfud The Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers 2018 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.56 No.4
Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum Linn) is one of the most widely grown plants in Indonesia. In addition, nyamplung oil has a future competitive advantage in that it can be processed into biodiesel. However, conventional methods for transesterification of nyamplung oil have been less effective. Therefore, in this study biodiesel was produced using microwaves as one of the alternative methods that can improve the shortcomings of conventional methods. In addition, optimization of parameters such as microwave power, catalyst concentration and transesterification time was done using Box-Behnken design. The combination of microwave with CaO catalyst and treated with Box-Behnken design are considered as a new and modern method for production of biodiesel from nyamplung oil and optimizing the factors that affected the transesterification process. The results showed that factors such as microwave power of 449.29 W, concentration of catalyst of 4.86% and transesterification time of 10.07 min can produce optimal yield of biodiesel of 92.73% with reliability of 93.22%.
( Ummu Kalsum ),( Heri Septya Kusuma ),( Achmad Roesyadi ),( Mahfud Mahfud ) 한국화학공학회 2018 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.56 No.5
In-situ transesterification of microalgae lipids using microwave irradiation has potential to simplify and accelerate biodiesel production, as it minimizes production cost and reaction time by direct transesterification of microalgae into biodiesel with microwave as a heating source. This study was conducted to research the effect of microwave irradiation with in-situ transesterification of microalgae under base catalyst condition. The process variables (reaction time, solvent ratio, microwave power) were studied using 2% of catalyst concentration. The maximum yield of FAME was obtained at about 32.18% at the reaction time of 30 min with biomass-methanol ratio 1:12 (w/v) and microwave power of 450 W. The GC MS analysis obtained that the main component of FAME from microalgal oils (or lipids) was palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid. The results show that microwaves can be used as a heating source to synthesize biodiesel from microalgae in terms of major components resulting.
Lipid Extraction from Spirulina platensis using Microwave for Biodiesel Production
Ummu Kalsum,Heri Septya Kusuma,Achmad Roesyadi,Mahfud Mahfud 한국화학공학회 2019 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.57 No.2
Microwave was designed for lipid extraction from green algae (Spirulina platensis). Microalgae–solvent (various solvents) were extracted and heated using microwave at 600 W for around 40 min. The maximum yield obtained within this period was 12.530% of lipid compared to just 1.293% for Soxhlet extraction. Lipid analysis revealed that those with higher essential fatty acid content consist of saturated fatty acid (SAFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) which could be used for biodiesel production.
( Handoko Darmokoesoemo ),( Arista Rahma Fidyayanti ),( Harsasi Setyawati ),( Heri Septya Kusuma ) 한국화학공학회 2017 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.55 No.1
Increasing global energy demand has resulted in an energy crisis. The dye sensitizer solar cell (DSSC) is an alternative source because of its ability to convert the sun`s energy into electrical energy. Our aim was to determine the effect of synthesized Ni(II)-Chlorophyll for enhancing the efficiency of solar cells based DSSC. Complex compound Ni(II)- Chlorophyll was successfully synthesized as a dye sensitizer of Ni(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O and chlorophyll ligand with saponification method. Characterization results with spectrophotometer UV-Vis showed that the complex compounds of Ni(II)-Chlorophyll have a maximum wavelength of 295.00 nm, 451.00 and 665.00 nm. The bond between the ligand and metal appears in the vibration Ni-O at wave number 455.2 cm<sup>-1</sup>. Complex compoun Ni(II)-Chlorophyll has a magnetic moment 7.10 Bohr Magneton (BM). The performance of complex compound Ni(II)-Chlorophyll as a dye sensitizer shows the value of short-circuit current (Jsc) at 3.00 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, open circuit voltage (Voc) at 0.15 V and the efficiency (η) 0.20%.
( Mahfud Mahfud ),( Andi Suryanto ),( Lailatul Qadariyah ),( Suprapto Suprapto ),( Heri Septya Kusuma ) 한국화학공학회 2018 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.56 No.2
Methyl ester derived from coconut oil is very interesting to study since it contains free-fatty acid with chemical structure of medium carbon chain (C<sub>12</sub>-C<sub>14</sub>), so the methyl ester obtained from its part can be a biodiesel and another partially into biokerosene. The use of heterogeneous catalysts in the production of methyl ester requires severe conditions (high pressure and high temperature), while at low temperature and atmospheric conditions, yield of methyl ester is relatively very low. By using microwave irradiation trans-esterification reaction with heterogeneous catalysts, it is expected to be much faster and can give higher yields. Therefore, we studied the production of methyl ester from coconut oil using CaO catalyst assisted by microwave. Our aim was to find a kinetic model of methyl ester production through a transesterification process from coconut oil assisted by microwave using heterogeneous CaO catalyst. The experimental apparatus consisted of a batch reactor placed in a microwave oven equipped with a condenser, stirrer and temperature controllers. Batch process was conducted at atmospheric pressure with a variation of CaO catalyst concentration (0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0, 2.5%) and microwave power (100, 264 and 400 W). In general, the production process of methyl esters by heterogeneous catalyst will obtain three layers, wherein the first layer is the product of methyl ester, the second layer is glycerol and the third layer is the catalyst. The experimental results show that the yield of methyl ester increases along with the increase of microwave power, catalyst concentration and reaction time. Kinetic model of methyl ester production can be represented by the following equation: -r<sub>TG</sub> = 1.7·10<sup>6</sup><sub>e</sub>-43.86/RT C<sub>TG</sub>.