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The structural response of graphene on copper to surface- and interfacial-oxygen
Wahab, H.,Haverkamp, R.,Kim, J.H.,Cadogan, J.M.,Mertins, H.-Ch.,Choi, S.-H.,Timmers, H. Elsevier 2016 Carbon Vol.110 No.-
<P>Graphene deposited by Chemical Vapour Deposition on different copper substrates was characterised using Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure and X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopies. Pronounced angular dependencies of the carbon pi*- and sigma*-resonances confirmed successful synthesis. Annealing removed surface adsorbates and enhanced the anisotropy of the carbon-bonds, consistent with an observed increase of the carbon 1s binding energy. Most oxygen intercalated at the substrate interface was thus removed, resulting in direct contact between graphene and copper. Oxygen remaining at the interface is bound to carbon. Such bonds are common if graphene on copper is exposed to air for long periods before annealing. The bonds give rise to an X-ray absorption peak at 288.3 eV. When annealed graphene rests in vacuum a deterioration of its structural anisotropy occurs. This is driven by the surface adsorption of oxygen-containing groups. Renewed annealing reverses both effects, which subsequently reoccur. The correlation of anisotropy deterioration and adsorption suggests that by accommodating functional groups at the surface, the hybridization of carbon atoms and the graphene sheet topography are modified. These structural changes occur relatively quickly, so that even in vacuum the graphene sheet only briefly sustains a pristine structure. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>
Isabelle Francisca Petronella Maria Kappen,Dirk Bittermann,Laura Janssen,Gerhard Koendert Pieter Bittermann,Chantal Boonacker,Sarah Haverkamp,Hester de Wilde,Marise Van Der Heul,Tom FJMC Specken,Ron K 대한성형외과학회 2017 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.44 No.3
Background No consensus exists on the optimal treatment protocol for orofacial clefts or the optimal timing of cleft palate closure. This study investigated factors influencing speech outcomes after two-stage palate repair in adults with a non-syndromal complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). Methods This was a retrospective analysis of adult patients with a UCLP who underwent two-stage palate closure and were treated at our tertiary cleft centre. Patients ≥17 years of age were invited for a final speech assessment. Their medical history was obtained from their medical files, and speech outcomes were assessed by a speech pathologist during the followup consultation. Results Forty-eight patients were included in the analysis, with a mean age of 21 years (standard deviation, 3.4 years). Their mean age at the time of hard and soft palate closure was 3 years and 8.0 months, respectively. In 40% of the patients, a pharyngoplasty was performed. On a 5-point intelligibility scale, 84.4% received a score of 1 or 2; meaning that their speech was intelligible. We observed a significant correlation between intelligibility scores and the incidence of articulation errors (P<0.001). In total, 36% showed mild to moderate hypernasality during the speech assessment, and 11%–17% of the patients exhibited increased nasalance scores, assessed through nasometry. Conclusions The present study describes long-term speech outcomes after two-stage palatoplasty with hard palate closure at a mean age of 3 years old. We observed moderate long-term intelligibility scores, a relatively high incidence of persistent hypernasality, and a high pharyngoplasty incidence.
Kappen, Isabelle Francisca Petronella Maria,Bittermann, Dirk,Janssen, Laura,Bittermann, Gerhard Koendert Pieter,Boonacker, Chantal,Haverkamp, Sarah,de Wilde, Hester,Van Der Heul, Marise,Specken, Tom F Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2017 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.44 No.3
Background No consensus exists on the optimal treatment protocol for orofacial clefts or the optimal timing of cleft palate closure. This study investigated factors influencing speech outcomes after two-stage palate repair in adults with a non-syndromal complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). Methods This was a retrospective analysis of adult patients with a UCLP who underwent two-stage palate closure and were treated at our tertiary cleft centre. Patients ${\geq}17$ years of age were invited for a final speech assessment. Their medical history was obtained from their medical files, and speech outcomes were assessed by a speech pathologist during the follow-up consultation. Results Forty-eight patients were included in the analysis, with a mean age of 21 years (standard deviation, 3.4 years). Their mean age at the time of hard and soft palate closure was 3 years and 8.0 months, respectively. In 40% of the patients, a pharyngoplasty was performed. On a 5-point intelligibility scale, 84.4% received a score of 1 or 2; meaning that their speech was intelligible. We observed a significant correlation between intelligibility scores and the incidence of articulation errors (P<0.001). In total, 36% showed mild to moderate hypernasality during the speech assessment, and 11%-17% of the patients exhibited increased nasalance scores, assessed through nasometry. Conclusions The present study describes long-term speech outcomes after two-stage palatoplasty with hard palate closure at a mean age of 3 years old. We observed moderate long-term intelligibility scores, a relatively high incidence of persistent hypernasality, and a high pharyngoplasty incidence.