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Biocatalytic Synthesis of Pikromycin, Methymycin, Neomethymycin, Novamethymycin, and Ketomethymycin
Hansen, Douglas A.,Rath, Christopher M.,Eisman, Eli B.,Narayan, Alison R. H.,Kittendorf, Jeffrey D.,Mortison, Jonathan D.,Yoon, Yeo Joon,Sherman, David H. American Chemical Society 2013 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.135 No.30
<P>A biocatalytic platform that employs the final two monomodular type I polyketide synthases of the pikromycin pathway in vitro followed by direct appendage of <SMALL>d</SMALL>-desosamine and final C–H oxidation(s) in vivo was developed and applied toward the synthesis of a suite of 12- and 14-membered ring macrolide natural products. This methodology delivered both compound classes in 13 steps (longest linear sequence) from commercially available (<I>R</I>)-Roche ester in >10% overall yields.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2013/jacsat.2013.135.issue-30/ja404134f/production/images/medium/ja-2013-04134f_0008.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja404134f'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Market Integration and Industrial Specialization on a Monopolistic Competitive Market
Hansen, JØrgen Drud,JØrgensen , Jan Guldager 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 2001 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.16 No.3
This paper examines the relationship between market integration and product diversification in a Chamberlinian model of monopolistic competition. In the first version of the model, production of the firm is organised in activities producing either one or two horizontally differentiated product-variants. The cost functions show both scale and scope economies. Market integration is illustrated by an increase in the market size. For increasing market size, each firm shifts from producing tow variants to producing one variant only at a certain threshold value of market size. Passing this threshold value the firm size measured by total output changes discontinuously leaving the effect on firm size ambiguous. For specific specification of the perceived demand of the individual firm hysteresis of the industrial structure may appear in the sense that the threshold value of the market size for shifting from two to one variant production exceeds that of the threshold value of market size of shifting from one to two variants. In the last part of the paper, the model is generalised to a continuum of variants and it is shown that an increase of the market size reduces the number of variants produced by each firm, whereas the hysteresis phenomenon disappears.