환경과 무역에 대한 한국의 산업조정정책

黃海斗 建國大學校 經濟經營硏究所 1999 商經硏究 Vol.24 No.1

韓ㆍ日間의 技術協力 促進을 위한 韓國의 産業調整政策

黃海斗 建國大學校 經濟經營硏究所 1993 商經硏究 Vol.18 No.1

Korea has imported a substantial amount of assembly technology from Japan and has established mass production facilities via large enterprises. But Korea has failed to develop technological capabilities related to the materials, components, machinery and capital goods sector because Korea has been in such a position of importing these technologies from Japan without incurring much difficulties. The case study on the textile industry has found that most firms have imported technologies in the form of famous foreign brands with an aim of expanding domestic market share. It is also noted that relatively small magnitude of technologies related to ancillary industry has been imported and that Korea has been far behind in the areas of raw materials, machinery and in operating the flexible management system. The case study on the shipbuilding industry has demonstrated the following facets : i) a substantial amount of technologies has been imported to increase foreign credibility ; ⅱ) the rate of applying the imported technology to the technology base is relatively low ; ⅲ) the pace of technology accumulation of shipbuilding is much faster as compared with that of textile industry ; and ⅳ) whereas the design technology has been accumulated to meet the need for a higher dimension, but the technology required for the production of components is still vulnerable as compared with that of Japan. Korean firms encounter the following three obstacles in acquing and diffusing Japanese technology ; ⅰ) the discrete process of technology accumulation; ⅱ) over-riding competition amongst Korean firms in producing components ; and ⅲ) the overlapping of importing the same or similar technologies. The Japanese technology policy may be featured by the specialisation of production activities, efficient industrial adjustment policy and the provision of preferential credit in implementing industrial policy. The policy implications which render Korean firms to be on the right track for an efficient technology cooperation with the Japanese firms comprise the following schemes : ⅰ) the specialisation in producing components ; ⅱ) technology acquistion to achieve product differentiation ; ⅲ) the amalgamation of business activities on the basis of related technology ; ⅳ) increase an incentive package for inducing the Japanese investment; ⅴ) selective provision of preferential credit for procuring core technology ; ⅵ) the diversification of technology importing countries ; and ⅶ) selective promotion of technology acquisition required for the enhancement of industrial structure. In is argued, on the basis of the above analysis, that Korean firms have to embody the imported disemboied technology as an ingredient of production process by giving priorities on the basis of the income elasticity, the size of potential market and the linkage effect with other industries as well as the technology base. The paper recommends that such a technology policy should be reflected in formulating the industrial adjustment policy.

Energy Cooperation and Emerging Regionalism in North-East Asia: Relative Impact on APEC and ASEM in Terms of Inter-Regionalism

HAE-DU HWANG,BERNADETTE ANDREOSSO-O’CALLAGHAN 한국무역학회 2009 Journal of Korea trade Vol.13 No.1

It may be rather imperative for North-East Asia to reinforce the processes of energy cooperation and economic integration simultaneously if one takes full account of the development trajectory of the ECSC. The EU launched a common energy policy in 2007 as a means of pooling together the capabilities of member nations in order to cope with such complicated issues as energy market liberalization, deregulation, fortified market power of Russia in strategic mineral resources, the increased instability of the Middle East and the impact of energy policy on the environment. It may be also beneficial for China, Japan and Korea to put in place a supra-national institution that would plan, coordinate and implement a common energy policy by analyzing the past experience of the EU. Such a movement towards regionalism in North-East Asia may work as a catalyst for extending cooperation with the EU, thus increasing ASEM’s leverage compared to APEC via cumulative feedbacks between expanding markets and the process of technological innovation.

Exchange Rate Volatility and Trade Flows of the U.K. in 1990s

( Hae Du Hwang ),( Jin Woo Lee ) 한국외국어대학교 외국학종합연구센터 2005 International Area Studies Review Vol.8 No.1

TPP: Complement or Substitute to APEC

Hae-Du Hwang,Sung-Chul Bang 한국APEC학회 2016 Journal of APEC Studies Vol.8 No.1

Given the political and economic rivalry between key nations of the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), a unifying free trade agreement such as the Free Trade Area of Asia-Pacific (FTAAP) agreement envisioned and pursued by APEC leaders faces steep hurdles. South Korea, a founding member of APEC, key ASEAN trading partner and RCEP lead negotiator, now considers whether to join the TPP. In light of South Korea’s APEC participation and its standing FTAs with all but two TPP nations, it is convenient to view the TPP agreement as complementary to Korea’s current trade agreements incubated via APEC and the APEC approach in general. The authors contend that the TPP is more akin to a substitute for the APEC approach. Acceding to the TPP for South Korea may possibly impede more flexible unilateral and preferential liberalization arrangements due to its stringent requirements and its water-tight-compartment-type demands for the fortified regulatory coherency. The paper considers how a “mega regional trade agreement such as the TPP will change current patterns of multi-track trade policy given that much of the multilateral TPP Agreement eclipses previous liberalization attempts initiated by the WTO and the OECD. Given potential conflicts between the TPP and RCEP programs, the authors recommend that Korea adopt a prudent approach to accession into the TPP and instead endeavor to make further progress on inter-regional cooperation between Northeast Asia and Europe.

Commodity Trade Policy Reconsidered

Hae-du Hwang 한국상품학회 1990 商品學硏究 Vol.- No.7

Evaluation of Trade and Industrial Pilicy of Korea : 1965-94

Hwang,Hae-Du 建國大學校 經濟經營硏究所 1995 商經硏究 Vol.20 No.1

한국의 무역 및 산업 정책에 대한 평가는 크게 두 가지 흐름으로 구분할 수 있다. 1970년대부터 대두된 요소집약도와 실효보호율을 사용한 정통적 분석은 한국경제의 誘因體制가 中立的이고 자원배분이 효율적이라고 주장한다. 이에 반하여 1980년부터 대두된 유치산업 보호와 기술획득의 중요성을 강조하는 개입론자들은 한국경제의 誘因體制가 수출산업과 특정유치산업에 대해 편중되어 있음에도 불구하고 자원배분이 효율적이라고 주장한다. 이 논문은 前者의 주장을 자본시장의 불완전성을 반영하여 분석하면 유인체제가 수출산업 또는 특정산업별로 편중된 적도 있었고, 제품기술 획득을 등한시하면서 규모 경제를 남용한 결과 자원배분이 비효율적인 기간도 있었음을 지적한다. 그리고 이 논문은 後者의 주장이 공정기술보다는 제품기술, 체화기술보다는 비체화기술이 중요하다는 사실을 등한시하고, 유치산업을 보호하는 동안 관련된 부품 산업과 자본재 산업을 동시에 육성하지 않았기 때문에 산업간의 연관효과가 작을 뿐만 아니라 부가가치 창출액이 적다는 사실을 간과하였음을 지적한다. 한국의 무역 및 산업 정책이 비체화기술과 연관효과의 중요성을 고려하지 않고, 수출 극대화 정책을 지속적으로 사용한 결과 한국의 경우 1990년대에 와서 핵심 부품과 자본재가 총수입에서 차지하는 비율이 일본과 대만에 비하여 약 2배 많은 30%에 이르고 있다. 이 글은 일부 학자들이 지적한 중립적 유인정책의 우월성, 공정기술의 우월성이 1960년대 내지 1970년대까지는 부분적으로 타당할지 모르지만, 1980년대 들어 제어기술이 첨가된(codified control technology) 자본재가 증가하는 시기에는 그 타당성을 상실해가고 있다. 다르게 표현하면 국제 경쟁력 강화를 위한 산업구조 고도화에 필요한 비체화기술의 축적이 없이는 지속적인 경제성장이 어렵게 된다. 따라서 한국경제가 1990년대에 선택할 무역 및 산업 정책은 종전과 같이 단기적인 수출증대를 위한 핵심부품과 자본재 수입을 지양하고, 비체화 기술의 축적을 통해 산업구조 고도화가 진행되면서 수출 증가가 수반되게끔 산업간 연관효과 증대와 부가가치 증대에 중점을 둘 필요가 있다. 기업과 정부의 내생적 성장을 통한 수출(growth initiated exports)이 수출촉진을 통한 성장(export-led growth)보다 자본재 산업, 핵심 부품과 부가가치가 큰 품목의 생산 및 마케팅 특화에 기여할 수 있다는 사실을 인지하고, 내생적 성장을 통한 산업구조의 고도화를 적극적으로 추진할 필요가 있다. 더 나아가 이 논문은 비체화기술의 축적을 통한 제품차별화를 달성할 만한 지역화(localisation)가 없는 상태에서 범용제품의 규모의 경제실현에 의한 세계화(globalisation)의 추구는 경제성장이 불연속적이며 일시적일 가능성이 크다고 지적한다.

韓ㆍ日間의 技術協力 促進을 위한 韓國의 産業調整政策

Hae Du Hwang(黃海斗) 건국대학교 경제경영연구소 1993 상경연구 Vol.18 No.1

Korea has imported a substantial amount of assembly technology from Japan and has established mass production facilities via large enterprises. But Korea has failed to develop technological capabilities related to the materials, components, machinery and capital goods sector because Korea has been in such a position of importing these technologies from Japan without incurring much difficulties. The case study on the textile industry has found that most firms have imported technologies in the form of famous foreign brands with an aim of expanding domestic market share. It is also noted that relatively small magnitude of technologies related to ancillary industry has been imported and that Korea has been far behind in the areas of raw materials, machinery and in operating the flexible management system. The case study on the shipbuilding industry has demonstrated the following facets : i) a substantial amount of technologies has been imported to increase foreign credibility ; ⅱ) the rate of applying the imported technology to the technology base is relatively low ; ⅲ) the pace of technology accumulation of shipbuilding is much faster as compared with that of textile industry ; and ⅳ) whereas the design technology has been accumulated to meet the need for a higher dimension, but the technology required for the production of components is still vulnerable as compared with that of Japan. Korean firms encounter the following three obstacles in acquing and diffusing Japanese technology ; ⅰ) the discrete process of technology accumulation; ⅱ) over-riding competition amongst Korean firms in producing components ; and ⅲ) the overlapping of importing the same or similar technologies. The Japanese technology policy may be featured by the specialisation of production activities, efficient industrial adjustment policy and the provision of preferential credit in implementing industrial policy. The policy implications which render Korean firms to be on the right track for an efficient technology cooperation with the Japanese firms comprise the following schemes : ⅰ) the specialisation in producing components ; ⅱ) technology acquistion to achieve product differentiation ; ⅲ) the amalgamation of business activities on the basis of related technology ; ⅳ) increase an incentive package for inducing the Japanese investment; ⅴ) selective provision of preferential credit for procuring core technology ; ⅵ) the diversification of technology importing countries ; and ⅶ) selective promotion of technology acquisition required for the enhancement of industrial structure. In is argued, on the basis of the above analysis, that Korean firms have to embody the imported disemboied technology as an ingredient of production process by giving priorities on the basis of the income elasticity, the size of potential market and the linkage effect with other industries as well as the technology base. The paper recommends that such a technology policy should be reflected in formulating the industrial adjustment policy.

Promotion Scheme of Korean FDI to the Shandong Province of China

Hae Du Hwang,Sung Chul Bang,Xue jiao Lu 한국무역연구원 2014 무역연구 Vol.10 No.5

This article analyzes trade and foreign direct investment between Korea and Shandong Province of China by adopting the SWOT analysis and OLI approach. It argues that Korean FDI to Shandong had been efficient until 2008. But it has been inefficient since 2009 due to the sluggish adjustment of Korean firms to the changing patterns of comparative advantage and industrial policy of China. It further contends that the motivation of FDI for increasing the joint R&D and marketing activities may be critically important for achieving more efficient allocation of FDI to Shandong.

The Globalisation Strategy of Japanese MNEs in the East-Asian Region

Hae-du Hwang(黃海斗) 한국무역학회 1996 한국무역학회 학술대회 Vol.1996 No.6