All-optical nonlinear waveguide devices

Gibbons, Wayne Michael University Microfilms International 1988 국내박사

Behavioral factors influencing mother-to-child transmission of HIV

Gibbons, Amanda Judith The Johns Hopkins University 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

<italic>Background</italic>. HIV Mother to child transmission (MTCT) substantially contributes to high levels of infant/child morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. The rate of MTCT is associated with demographic, biologic, and behavioral risk factors. Sexual behaviors of HIV positive women and their partners may influence MTCT through STD acquisition and increases in viral shedding. Multiple partners and frequency of sex in the third trimester have been shown to be positively associated with MTCT. Choices of infant feeding regimen influence postnatal MTCT since HIV can be transmitted through breast milk. Formula feeding has been shown to protect an infant from postnatal MTCT, but may not confer the same health benefits as breast milk. Exclusive breastfeeding has been shown to be protective over mixed feeding in MTCT. <italic>Design</italic>. Behavioral data were collected in a MTCT randomized clinical trial in Malawi. <italic>Outcome measures</italic>. HIV negative status was defined as an infant who was HIV negative at the six week visit; intrauterine transmission (prevalent infection) was defined as infants who were HIV positive at birth; while intrapartum and early postnatal transmission (incident infection) was defined as an infant negative at birth and positive at six weeks. <italic>Results</italic>. Overall, 1098 infants born to HIV positive mothers were included in this analysis. Infant HIV incident infection was found to be positively statistically associated with number of wives the infant's father has. A mother's frequency of sex in the third trimester was found to be marginally statistically inversely associated with MTCT. No differences were seen between exclusive breast feeders and mixed feeders in MTCT in the early postnatal period. <italic>Conclusions</italic>. This analysis found higher risk for intrapartum MTCT if the pregnant woman's partner had multiple partners. The protective effect on MTCT seen in women reporting higher frequency of sex in the third trimester may be due to a corresponding lower number of sexual partners their partner had during this time period. This analysis shows that the sexual behaviors of a pregnant woman's partner are influential in MTCT. Education on safer sex, condom distribution, and aggressive diagnosis and treatment of STDs should be offered in the antenatal setting.

A question of ethics: Media literacy in youth media arts organizations

Gibbons, Damiana The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

As part of a larger research team funded by the MacArthur Foundation, I studied media literacy in youth media organizations that sent marginalized youth across the United States: Native American youth in the Midwest; poor, white youth in Appalachia; and urban youth in large cities in the Midwest and Northeast. In my dissertation, I argue that there is an ethics of youth media production under which marginalized youth are producing media, and that this ethics bounds what they are able to produce in various ways. I found that youth have some agency in producing media, but various pressures to represent particular selves put upon marginalized youth creates limitations to that agency in different ways. I begin with a theoretical framework that shows the interplay of media literacy, modality, identities and ethics in youth media production. I continue with three distinct, yet related, chapters in which I use various sociohistoric, social semiotic, and filmic analyses to show the different elements of the ethics of youth media production. The first of these chapters focuses on pedagogical spaces and the discourses created and maintained within those spaces as youth decide what their films will be about. Then, I examine the space(s) of youth produced videos themselves as well as the spaces that they travel. In it, I focus primarily on an in-depth analysis of videos produced by a young Anishinaabe teen, but this chapter moves beyond an analysis of the video to discuss some of the different layers, of which video is one, that comprise a youth video production. The last data chapter focuses on issues of place/space more deeply as I show how youth develop what I call rural media literacy through making documentaries through which they find a sense of belonging to their community and to their rural area. I conclude by discussing how an understanding the ethics of youth media production can provide a larger lens to see what is happening in terms of media literacy, modality, and identities, especially for youth of color or poverty.

Twenty-five years later: A comparative study of the socioeconomic integration of Vietnamese refugees in Arizona

Gibbons, Gail Arizona State University 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

Vietnamese refugees have been arriving in the United States since the fall of Saigon in 1975 with more than 13,000 settling in Arizona. Previous research has focused on their socioeconomic integration in other states but their progress within Arizona is largely unknown. This research project, therefore, sought to better understand their socioeconomic integration in this state by looking at the following socioeconomic systems and exploring how their ethnicity, location, gender and age related to these systems: (1) Education System; (2) Employment Sector; (3) Economic Structure; (4) Housing Market. Comparative research methods were used to explore the extent to which Vietnamese have successfully integrated in Arizona. Within group outcomes of Arizona Vietnamese (AZ VN) were examined by gender and age cohort and compared to Arizona's total population (AZ TP). This comparison illustrated their socioeconomic integration in the state and was used as a measure to show how their ethnicity related to the outcomes. A second comparison was made contrasting outcomes observed in the total population of Vietnamese (TP VN) to the total population of the United States (TP US). The percentage differences observed in the comparison between AZ VN--AZ TP with the percentage differences observed in the comparison between TP VN--TP US shed light on the impact that location had on integration. Analysis of these comparisons suggests that Arizona Vietnamese have likely integrated into each of the four socioeconomic systems explored in this study. An added finding also suggests that the total population of Vietnamese nationwide have likely integrated into each of the socioeconomic systems explored with the exception of the housing market. For Arizona Vietnamese, age and location were more closely associated with the outcomes than were their ethnicity and gender.

Robust, reusable qubits for quantum information applications

Gibbons, Michael J Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

Most neutral atom quantum computing experiments rely on destructive state detection techniques that eject the detected qubits from the trap. These techniques limit the repetition rate of these experiments due to the necessity of reloading a new quantum register for each operation. We address this problem by developing reusable neutral atom qubits. Individual 87Rb atoms are trapped in an optical lattice and are held for upwards of 300 s. Each atom is prepared in an initial quantum state and then the state is subsequently detected with 95% fidelity with less than a 1% probability of losing it from the trap. This combination of long storage times and nondestructive state detection will facilitate the development of faster and more complex quantum systems that will enable future advancements in the field of quantum information.

Conflicts of devotion: Liturgy, poetry, and community in Elizabethan and Jacobean England

Gibbons, Daniel R The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2008 해외박사(DDOD)

Conflicts of Devotion: Liturgy, Poetry, and Community in Elizabethan and Jacobean England aims to refocus critical understanding of the new ways of formulating communities, poetic and liturgical, that took shape in England during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It begins with an examination of two influential modes of liturgical rhetoric---a "rhetoric of excess" and a "rhetoric of absence"---in the rubrics for Holy Communion and Burial in the 1559 Book of Common Prayer in order to shed new light on the linguistic and communitarian implications of the new English vernacular religious rituals. The study then follows the thread of these modes of articulating and reshaping spiritual community through the elegiac poetry of Edmund Spenser, the devotional lyrics of John Donne, the complaints of Robert Southwell, and the sacred poetry of Richard Crashaw. Each of these four poets was caught up in the crisis of community that resulted from the Henrician Reformation, and each of them struggled to re-imagine and reshape the spiritual communities that also made up their most immediate audiences. By examining these rhetorics of excess and absence in the liturgy and poetry of the eight decades between the Elizabethan 'settlement' and the English Civil War, this study not only offers new readings of both neglected and well-studied texts, including fresh perspectives on the elegiac and 'metaphysical' modes, but also provokes deeper reflection on the potential of liturgical poetics for the creation and sustenance of relatively stable communities out of the discursive materials of deep religious and political crises of identity.

A comparison of outcomes of cognitive therapy for depression in randomized controlled trials to outcomes in an outpatient clinic

Gibbons, Carly J University of Pennsylvania 2008 해외박사(DDOD)

In recent years, the field of psychotherapy has seen a movement towards more evidence-based practice and the randomized controlled trial (RCT) has emerged as the gold standard for establishing efficacy. One concern raised has been that RCTs "often eliminated more troubled and difficult-to-treat patients" (Westen & Morrison, 2001, p.880). Participant samples from six RCTs for depression were compared to a large outpatient sample (N = 408, Center for Cognitive Therapy - CCT). With the exception of one of the prognostic indicators examined (recurrent depression), there was no consistent pattern of differences between the research and outpatient samples. Another concern is whether the treatment effects demonstrated within RCTs are generalizable to clinicians employing such treatments in the real world. Treatment outcomes from five RCTs for depression were compared to those of depressed patients treated at CCT (n = 217). Patients in RCTs had similar or better treatment outcomes than patients at CCT. When one RCT (DeRubeis et al., 2005) was compared to CCT, patients with more symptoms at intake demonstrated greater improvement when treated within the RCT than when treated at CCT.

Asian American war stories: Trauma and healing in contemporary Asian American literature

Gibbons, Jeffrey Tyler ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The University of 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

My dissertation argues that an important, though little acknowledged, aspect of Asian American subjectivity is the capacity to grapple with the enduring traumatic effects of American wars in Asia and develop unique paths towards healing and post-traumatic growth. Asian immigration to the United States in the twentieth century was profoundly influenced by the United States' wars in Asia---from the war in the Philippines at the turn of the century, to the war in the Pacific, to the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Each of these conflicts produced extensive, long-term traumatic effects on the unintended casualties of war---those civilians, immigrants, and refugees affected by the violence and who struggled with their symptoms decades after the war's end. Yet, in American war literature we rarely encounter narratives that reflect the post-war, post-traumatic journeys of these survivors. In this project I examine texts published between 1990 and 2014 that depict the war traumas and subsequent healing journeys of Asian American immigrants, refugees, and civilians affected by American wars in Asia. The narratives by Chang-rae Lee, Lan Cao, Nora Okja Keller, Julie Otsuka, and Lawson Inada reveal both the enduring impact and legacy of these wars that inevitably remain with the traumatic survivors and the diverse means by which they discover healing in the face of tremendous suffering. The remarkable texts that I examine in this dissertation demonstrate that while war and trauma are a constitutive part of Asian American history and identity, it does not come to define Asian American subjectivity---the struggle for survival and the desire for healing does.

Violence against women on the college campus: Evaluating anti-violence programming

Gibbons, Roberta E University of Minnesota 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

Violence against women is a significant problem on America's college campuses. In response to this violence, many universities have developed direct service programs to assist the survivors of violence as well as educational programs to raise awareness about and/or reduce the likelihood of such violence. There has been no scholarly inquiry regarding the success of direct services for survivors of violence on the college campus, and only a small number of studies have ventured to investigate the effectiveness of anti-violence educational programming. This study employed a three-phase sequential mixed methods design to explore the definition of success for these anti-violence direct services and educational programs, as well as to investigate how such programs conceptualize and use evaluation. Specifically, this study used document review, focus groups, and a self-administered survey. The population for this study was the group of institutions of higher education that were funded by the federal Grants to Reduce Violence Against Women on Campus in 2008 (N=54). This exploratory study had numerous findings related to how program staff members define success and what they think about and how they use evaluation. Success for victim service programs seemed to be based primarily on process rather than outcomes, and there was very little expectation on the part of university administrators or the federal funding agency to demonstrate effectiveness. Staff members reported that outcomes were largely considered incommensurable with advocacy-based models of direct services on the college campus. There was more reported assessment of educational programming, with most universities employing local and informal approaches to evaluation. This study found evidence of instrumental and process use of evaluation and identified areas that may need clarification in the conceptualization of evaluation influence.

Eighteenth-century opera and the construction of national identity in France, 1875--1918

Gibbons, William The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

In the wake of the disastrous Franco-Prussian war, French musicians and audiences sought ways to reaffirm the greatness of their nation. One strategy was to look to the glories of the past as evidence of continued French superiority. In this dissertation, I will examine the role of eighteenth-century opera in constructing a compelling musical past. In particular, I will focus on three composers with vastly differing reception histories in France: Mozart, Gluck, and Rameau, all of whose works received attention both on and off the operatic stages of Paris during the time period of this study. The Austrian Mozart was a favorite throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century, serving to present Paris as the cosmopolitan capital of civilization. By 1900, however, performances of his operas ground almost to a halt in favor of revivals of Gluck's works, a composer who could be adopted by the French and made into a source of national pride. Rameau, finally, represented the apex of the purely French tragedie lyrique---an important dramatic genre for establishing a nationalist rhetoric of music history, but one that also encountered difficulty in gaining popular success at the fin-de-siecle given its musical style. By tracing the critical and compositional reception surrounding these composers and the revivals of their works, I will offer a new look at how music of the past can be used to support narratives of national identity, as well as provide new insight into the French reception histories of three of the most influential composers of the eighteenth century.