Current Controlled PWM for Multilevel Voltage-Source Inverters with Variable and Constant Switching Frequency Regulation Techniques: A Review

Gawande, S.P.,Ramteke, M.R. The Korean Institute of Power Electronics 2014 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.14 No.2

Due to advancements in power electronics and inverter topologies, the current controlled multilevel voltage-source pulse width modulated (PWM) inverter is usually preferred for accurate control, quick response and high dynamic performance. A multilevel topology approach is found to be best suited for overcoming many problems arising from the use of high power converters. This paper presents a comprehensive review and comparative study of several current control (CC) techniques for multilevel inverters with a special emphasis on various approaches of the hysteresis current controller. Since the hysteresis CC technique poses a problem of variable switching frequency, a ramp-comparator controller and a predictive controller to attain constant switching frequency are described along with its quantitative comparison. Furthermore, various methods have been reviewed to achieve hysteresis current control PWM with constant switching frequency operation. This paper complies various guidelines to choose a particular method suitable for application at a given power level, switching frequency and dynamic response.

Investigation on Shear Deflection Behaviour of Open Web Steel Beams: An Analytical and Experimental Study

Gawande Ganesh S.,Gupta Laxmikant M. 한국강구조학회 2024 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.24 No.1

Shear defl ection is a key factor to take into consideration since members with smaller web areas are more vulnerable to shear. As a result, this work focuses on using theoretical, experimental, and analytical methods to undertake a parametric analysis to determine the shear defl ection of an open web steel beam under non-uniform bending. The ABAQUS software package was used to analyse a total of sixty nonlinear fi nite element models, and part of the model’s behaviour was tested experimentally. The fl ange and web slenderness ratios that distinguish the fi nite element models were noted using a codal comparison. In addition to the overall behaviour, the shear defl ection of various member components was calculated and compared to the shear defl ection equation provided by Das and Basole and, Timoshenko and Gere. The fi ndings indicated that load versus defl ection plots could be produced analytically and experimentally, proving a good link between the two. The current work presents an appropriate adjustment factor for the theoretical shear defl ection equation to compute the precise shear defl ection behaviour of an open web steel beam. The accuracy of the proposed formulation is proven by an R-squared (R 2 ) value of 0.999. Additionally, the maximum shear defl ection limit for the simply supported open web steel beam under non-uniform bending was calculated as part of this study, along with the impact of the span-to-depth ratio on shear defl ection. The investigation comes to the further conclusion that the parametric variation signifi cantly aff ects the shear defl ection.

Classification of Open Web Steel Beam: An Analytical and Experimental Study

Ganesh S. Gawande,Laxmikant M. Gupta 한국강구조학회 2023 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.23 No.6

The cross-section classification is an important topic in flexural steel member design since it tackles a cross-section's susceptibility to local buckling and specifies design resistance. As a result, work focuses on determining the classification limits for various classes of open web steel beams. A comprehensive investigation considering theoretical analysis, experimentation, and data analysis to assess the impact of a solitary point load applied at the beam's midpoint. Based on findings of the different studies, a total of eighty-eight nonlinear finite element models were examined using the ABAQUS software programme. The different finite element models are distinguished by their local slenderness ratios. Most of the steel design regulations consider the influence of the “individual plate rule”, “restricted load pattern rule”, and “monotonic rule” for cross section classification and neglect the effect of interactive behaviour. From the literature, it is found that classification should be done at the member level rather than at the cross-sectional level. To address this issue, open web steel beams were classified using the box section as a base. The classification limits for distinct classes of open web steel beams were derived at the member level, taking into account the interaction of different failure modes and local buckling modes. This suggestion is based on the effects of local and local-to-overall interaction buckling modes, which are not explicitly addressed by current design rules. Based on existing research and statistical assessment of test data, the current study provides suitable classification limits and rotation capacity formulations for open web steel beams.

Current Controlled PWM for Multilevel Voltage-Source Inverters with Variable and Constant Switching Frequency Regulation Techniques

S. P. Gawande,M. R. Ramteke 전력전자학회 2014 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.14 No.2

Due to advancements in power electronics and inverter topologies, the current controlled multilevel voltage-source pulse width modulated (PWM) inverter is usually preferred for accurate control, quick response and high dynamic performance. A multilevel topology approach is found to be best suited for overcoming many problems arising from the use of high power converters. This paper presents a comprehensive review and comparative study of several current control (CC) techniques for multilevel inverters with a special emphasis on various approaches of the hysteresis current controller. Since the hysteresis CC technique poses a problem of variable switching frequency, a ramp-comparator controller and a predictive controller to attain constant switching frequency are described along with its quantitative comparison. Furthermore, various methods have been reviewed to achieve hysteresis current control PWM with constant switching frequency operation. This paper complies various guidelines to choose a particular method suitable for application at a given power level, switching frequency and dynamic response.

Rotation Capacity Prediction of Open Web Steel Beams Using Artificial Neural Networks

Ganesh S. Gawande,Laxmikant M. Gupta 한국강구조학회 2023 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.23 No.4

Artificial neural networks (ANN) are artificial intelligence technologies used in various fields of science and engineering to represent fascinating human behaviours. Engineers frequently deal with incomplete and noisy data, which is one of the areas where neural network (NN) shine. Aim of this study is to use an ANN approach to determine the rotation capacity of open web steel beams. Using a single point load applied at the span's centre, a theoretical, experimental, and analytical study was conducted. Following the results of experimental and analytical comparisons, the ABAQUS software tool was used to assess a total of 88 nonlinear finite element models. Local slenderness ratios of several finite element models differentiate them. Different elements comprising geometrical and mechanical features of open web steel beams were delivered as input to NN models, including flange and web slenderness, depth and breadth of section, load span and angle section. Suggested formulation's accuracy is confirmed by arithmetical regression created using analytical nonlinear finite element modelling and behaviour of the open web steel beam derived analytically was tested experimentally. Based on research and statistical analysis, the current study found that ANN has a great potential for forecasting the rotation capacity of open web steel beams.

Accuracy of Ultrasonography in Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Doe

Singh, N.S.,Gawande, P.G.,Mishra, O.P.,Nema, R.K.,Mishra, U.K.,Singh, Mohan Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.6

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonography in early pregnancy diagnosis in goats. Ultrasonographic scanning with real time B-mode ultrasound machine having 5 MHz linear array transducer was performed on gravid uterus (n=24) obtained from slaughterhouse (Group I). Crown rump length (CRL) measured by ultrasound was found significantly different (p<0.05) with actual CRL measured after dissection in early pregnancy. However, age predicted by ultrasound through the measurement of CRL was found highly correlated (r=0.92) with age measured after dissection through CRL and the weight of fetus. Ages predicted by ultrasound through the measurement of trunk diameter (TD) and uterine diameter (UD) and ages measured after dissection were found highly and equally correlated (r=0.98) and did not differ significantly. Data from six does synchronized (Group II) with PGF2$\alpha$ (Estrumate) at 11 days apart were collected through ultrasound from 17 to 42 days post breding. The correlation between CRL and gestational age was high (r=0.97) in day 30 to 42 post breeding. A high coefficient of correlation (r=0.98) was also observed between predicated age by ultrasound and actual age calculated after kidding. The correlation between CRL and gestational age by the formula Y=(a+bX) i.e. Y=24.42+0.39 X where Y=gestational age and X=CRL, was recorded very high (r=0.99). Accuracy of ultrasonography was lowest on day 17 to 19 (66%) and reached 100% on day 34. Data from 30 does (group III) randomly subjected to only one time ultrasounds scanning to assess the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis were also obtained. Ages predicted by TD and UD measurements were observed to be non-significantly different with actual age obtained after kidding and correlation between ages predicted by TD and UD measurement with actual age after kidding was found equally and highly correlated (r=0.98). The operator's accuracy in the whole experiment including all three groups was found to be 92%. The sensitivity was 93% and specificity was 86%. From the present study, it was observed that CRL was the most reliable parameter to find out gestational age in early pregnancy and the new formula derived was found very accurate to find out gestational age. TD and UD were also found to be equally reliable parameter to find out gestational age in mid and late stage of pregnancy through ultrasonography. It was concluded that ultrasonography by real time B mode with 5 MHz transrectal transducer was found to be reliable, safe and accurate and practicable means in diagnosing early pregnancy diagnosis as early as 25 days post breeding.

Exposure and inequity: assessing commuter vulnerability and the quality of noise environment on urban arterials

Vinayak Sakharam Adane,Surashmie Gawande 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2020 도시과학국제저널 Vol.24 No.1

It is a well-established fact that a mobility corridor is a source of various street level noises impacting unprotected commuters. Although this fact is understood rarely has it been investigated to evince the category of commuters it affects or its intensity? The purpose of this study is to characterize and establish the noise environment, elicit the degree of noise exposure and establish the inequity that gets distributed in a common public space on vulnerable commuter categories. For this study noise levels were recorded at intersections and mid segments of corridors at 24 locations to assess the noise environments. The degree of exposure and equity were derived using a Semantic differential (SD) rating scale. The study consisted of two parts: noise survey and the traffic stream and modal attribute study. The results were analysed statistically and a rating scale developed to inform analysis and interpretation. The paper dwells on two related aspects of vulnerability; exposure and equity. The study reveals that at all locations surveyed noise levels remained far above prescribed limits. This study indicates the dominance of MT’s in terms of volume and road usage and showed that although slow commuters and NMT’s generated lesser noise on road environments inequity is foisted on them when compared to MT modes. Results indicate that the percentage of the total volume of non-motorized (NMT) commuters in the two road environments studied does not affect the noise climate. All noise descriptors indicate high noise emissions the sources of which are motorized transport as compared to the NMT’s which are susceptible and are comparatively more sensitive to this externality. The vulnerability score is derived on a rating scale. The vulnerability matrix and scores developed show high scores for slower modes indicative of the intensity of exposure based on factors evolved from the study.

Estrus Behavior and Superovulatory Response in Black Bengal Goats (Capra hircus) Following Administration of Prostaglandin and Gonadotropins

Mishra, O.P.,Gawande, P.G.,Nema, R.K.,Tiwari, S.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.10

The present study was conducted to explore the possibilities of estrus induction and superovulation in a native Indian breed of goats called 'Black Bengal'. Forty-two adult non-pregnant females were divided in two groups, of which 18 goats were subjected to a superovulatory treatment comprising of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), Prostaglandin (PGF2$\alpha$) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to induce superovulation. The remaining 24 goats received no treatment and served as controls for the parameter under study as well as recipients for embryo transfer studies. The average duration of estrus was found to be significantly increased in treated goats (34.2${\pm}$3.4 h) compared to controls 3.0${\pm}$2.4 h). The average duration between PGF administration and occurrence of estrus was 2.0${\pm}$5.2 h. After mid ventral laparotomy, superovulatory responses indicated a significant increase in the number of follicles, which was 8.27${\pm}$0.37 in the treatment group compared to 4.16${\pm}$0.17 in the control group. The number of corpora lutea was also significantly increased in treated animals compared to control (2.90${\pm}$0.86 vs. 0.74${\pm}$0.04) respectively per ovary per goat.

Study on Biochemical Constituents of Caprine Ovarian Follicular Fluid after Superovulation

Mishra, O.P.,Pandey, J.N.,Gawande, P.G. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.12

The experiment was designed on 42 non pregnant Black Bengal goat. Out of which 18 were subjected to a superovulatory treatment comprising of eCG and hCG for embryo transfer study. The remaining 24 goats received no treatment and served as control for parameter studied as well as recipient for embryo transfer studies. Important biochemical constituents such as acid and alkaline phosphatase, total protein and cholesterol and inorganic phosphorus were estimated in the follicular fluid of control and treated group and the values were separately recorded for small medium and large size follicle. The results indicated a significant effect on acid phosphotase activity due to size of follicle. The value increased progressively from small to medium and from medium to large follicles. Alkaline phosphotase activity showed reverse trend. Alkaline phosphotase decreased progressively as size increased. The concentration of inorganic phosphorus did not reveal any significant difference between the control and treatment groups and also between the different size follicles. The concentration of protein decreased significantly from small to medium and from medium to large, although no difference was observed between the control and treatment groups. The concentration of Cholesterol in the follicular fluid indicated a significant increase from small to medium and to large follicle. Here also no difference was observed due to treatment. Similar in the composition of follicular fluid in the respect of above mentioned constituents indicated no of super ovulatory treatment on follicular fluid composition.

A Comparative Study on Fresh and Frozen Embryo Transfer after Superovulation in Black Bengal Goats(Capra-hircus)

Mishra, O.P.,Pandey, J.N.,Gawande, P.G. 韓國受精卵移植學會 2002 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.17 No.2

The experiment was divided into two phases. In phase-I fresh embryos were transferred and in Phase-II frozen embryos were transferred. Embryos were collected by using Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline. In phase-I total of 65 ova were collected out of 107 ovulation in 18 goats. Recovery of ova was 60.74%, of which 51 (78.46%) was fertilized. Sixteen embryos were transferred to 10 recipient goats and kidding was observed in 6 goats, that produced 10 kids. Thus, 62.50% embryo survival and 60% kidding were achieved in phase-I. In phase-II of the experiment, 17 regular cyclic Black Bengal goats were used. The main purpose was to study the viability of caprine embryos after cryopreservation. In this phase the embryos were collected and frozen using Bio-cool freezers. A two step addition of cryoprotectants (5% glycerol and 10% glycerol) and three-step dilution of cryoprotectants with 1mole (M) sucrose was used. Embryos were preserved for 10 to 45 days. Out of 27 embryos preserved, 18 were recovered after freezing and thawing (37 water bath) with 33.33% embryonic loss. Seventeen frozen and thawed embryos were transferred in 9 recipient goats, out of which kidding was observed in 6 goats and 7 kids were produced, giving a 66.66% kidding and embryo survival of 41.17%. The technique utilized for fresh and frozen embryo transfer can be successfully utilized to produce goats of superior genetic merits. The protocol used for addition of cryoprotectant, freezing, thawing and dilution was found suitable for caprine embryo freezing.