常用詞“甘”、“甜”歷時演變與興替研究

?玉君(Gan Yeechin),朴敏浚(Park, Min-jun) 중국어문학연구회 2017 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.105

It is important to study the diachronic change and replacement of old words by new ones in Chinese etymology as the process does not happen and complete within a short span of time. This paper propose an in-depth study on gan (甘) and tian (甜) by investigating a number of historical documents of various registers from the Pre-Qin to the Ming and Qing dynasties. Based on the diachronic perspective, we conduct a quantitative analysis to show the lexical development and replacement process of gan (甘) and tian (甜) in its original and extended meanings. In the meantime, we also describes usage pattern and competition process of the two words in different periods, by comparing them in terms of usage frequency, semantic expression and syntactic distribution. Because gan (甘) is a polysemy with multiple meanings since the Pre-Qin dynasty, a new word tian (甜) with a single meaning of sweet taste emerged in the Western Han dynasty, which is subsequently commonly used in oral literature in the Wei and Jin dynasties. Afterwards, tian (甜) went into competition with gan (甘) in the Tang and Song dynasties, whose meaning was in turn further extended to psychological and sensory domains in the Ming and Qing dynasties. In modern Chinese, gan (甘) came to only function as a morpheme through semantic bleaching whereas tian (甜) often appeared in sentential structure. The semantic and syntactic functions of the two words remain stable and still in use.

Low Resistance and Transparent Ag/AZO Ohmic Contact to p-GaN

T. Han,T. Wang,X. W. Gan,H. Wu,Y. Shi,C. Liu 한국물리학회 2014 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.65 No.1

Silver (Ag)/ aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films were deposited on p-GaN by using electronbeamevaporation. After the annealing process, current -voltage (I-V) measurements were carriedout to determine the characteristic of the contacts. The Ag/AZO films annealed at 600 C werefound to present an ohmic contact behavior. The specific contact resistance was calculated tobe 9.76 × 10−4cm2 and the transmittance was over 80% for visibly light. The atomic forcemicroscope was used to measure the aggregation of Ag grains which may have been the main factorin the formation of the Ag/AZO ohmic contact to p-GaN.

Cluster Lifetime Analysis for Cooperative Beamforming in Wireless Sensor Networks

Gan Xiong,Lu Hong,Yang Guangyou 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Future Generation Communi Vol.9 No.10

Cooperative multiple input multiple outputs (MIMO) or its variation cooperative multiple input single outputs (MISO) is becoming a potential technique to minimize the energy consumption and prolong lifetime in wireless sensor networks. For cluster based wireless sensor networks, cluster lifetime for cooperative beamforming (CBF) based cooperative MISO scheme is studied in this paper.We first establish the energy model of a cluster with cooperative MISO scheme based on CBF. Based on the energy consumption model, the effects of cluster size and distance between cluster and sink node on the performance of cluster lifetime are discussed, an joint optimization to maximize cluster lifetime by finding the optimal modulation parameter and number of cooperative nodes is proposed. Numerical results show that CBF based cooperative MISO scheme can achieve longer cluster lifetime compare with STBC and the joint optimization can further improve the cluster lifetime.

Seafood feast in Dalian, Liaoning Province

Gan Chun 한국콘텐츠학회 2021 한국콘텐츠학회 ICCC 논문집 Vol.2021 No.12

Oxidative Comparison ofEmulsion Systems from FishOil-Based Structured Lipid versus Physically Blended Lipid with Purple-FleshedSweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Extracts

Gan, Lu-Jing,Yang, Dan,Shin, Jung-Ah,Kim, Sun-Ju,Hong, Soon-Taek,Lee, JeungHee,Sung, Chang-Keun,Lee, Ki-Teak American Chemical Society 2012 Journal of agricultural and food chemistry Vol.60 No.1

<P>The effects of the purple-fleshed sweet potato extract(PFSPE)on oxidation stabilities of a model oil-in-water emulsion preparedwith enzymatically synthesized fish oil–soybean oil structuredlipid (SL) versus physically blended lipid (PBL) without modificationwere evaluated. The anthocyanins in PFSPE were analyzed and identifiedby HPLC-MS. The fatty acid composition of SL was similar to that ofPBL, except palmitic acid (1.48 in PBL and 9.61% in SL) and linoleicacid (62.47 in PBL and 49.58% in SL). Peonidin 3-caffeoylsophoroside-5-glucoside,peonidin-3-(6′,6′-caffeoylferuloylsophoroside)-5-glucoside,peonidin-dicaffeoylsophoroside-5-glucoside, peonidin 3-(6′,6″-caffeoyl-<I>p</I>-hydroxybenzoylsophoroside)-5-glucoside were identifiedas the major anthocyanin compounds in PFSPE. Different levels (200,500, 1000 ppm) of PFSPE were added into both SL- and PBL-based emulsions,with 200 ppm catechin as comparison. Oxidation was monitored by measuringthe peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Theantioxidant activity of PFSPE increased with an increased concentration,the concentration of 1000 ppm showed high antioxidant ability similarto that of catechin in both PBL- and SL-based oil-in-water emulsions.It is notable that the SL-based emulsion appeared to have better oxidativestability than the PBL-based emulsion.</P>

COVID-19 and Return-To-Work for the Construction Sector: Lessons From Singapore

Gan, Wee Hoe,Koh, David Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2021 Safety and health at work Vol.12 No.2

Singapore's construction sector employs more than 450,000 workers. During the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore from April to June 2020, migrant workers were disproportionately affected, including many working in the construction sector. Shared accommodation and construction worksites emerged as nexuses for COVID-19 transmission. Official government resources, including COVID-19 epidemiological data, 43 advisories and 19 circulars by Singapore's Ministries of Health and Manpower, were reviewed over 8 month period from March to October 2020. From a peak COVID-19 incidence of 1,424.6/100,000 workers in May 2020, the incidence declined to 3.7/100,000 workers by October 2020. Multilevel safe management measures were implemented to enable the phased reopening of construction worksites from July 2020. Using the Swiss cheese risk management model, the authors described the various governmental, industry, supervisory and worker-specific interventions to prevent, detect and contain COVID-19 for safe resumption of work for the construction sector.

Fabrication and properties of La₂O₃-doped transparent yttria ceramics by hot-pressing sintering

Gan, Lin,Park, Young-Jo,Zhu, Lin-Lin,Go, Shin-Il,Kim, Haneul,Kim, Jin-Myung,Ko, Jae-Woong Elsevier 2017 JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS Vol.695 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this work, highly transparent La<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>-doped yttria ceramics were fabricated by a hot-pressing method. The effects of the La<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> doping concentration (0–17 at.%) on the optical transmittance, microstructures, microhardness, and thermal conductivity levels of the transparent yttria were investigated in an effort to develop a user's choice guide pertaining to the optical, mechanical, and thermal properties. The optimal La<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> doping concentration for the optical transmittance was found to be 12 at.%, leading to in-line transmittance levels of 68.9% at 400 nm and 81.9% at 1100 nm (2 mm thick). The microhardness changed from 6.82 to 7.66 GPa and was found to be closely dependent on the grain sizes of the samples, which varied from 3.55 μm to 0.95 with changes in the La<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> doping concentration. The biaxial flexure strength of a hot-pressed sample with an average grain size of 1.46 μm exceeded that of a conventionally pressureless-sintered coarse-grained sample (grain size 40.82 μm) by 94.4%. The thermal conductivity showed a significant decrease from 16.40 to 5.71 W/mK with an increase in the La<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> doping concentration from 0 to 17 at.%. Potential applications of the transparent yttria ceramics with different compositions were suggested based on the combination of the optical, mechanical, and thermal properties.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Highly transparent La-doped yttria ceramics were prepared by hot pressing. </LI> <LI> Effects of La concentration on transmittance, microstructure were studied. </LI> <LI> Effects of La concentration on thermal conductivity were studied. </LI> <LI> Microhardness and biaxial flexure strength of the samples were studied. </LI> </UL> </P>

Enhancement of the optical transmittance of hot-pressed transparent yttria ceramics by a multi-step sintering process

Gan, Lin,Park, Young-Jo,Zhu, Lin-Lin,Go, Shin-Il,Kim, Haneul,Kim, Jin-Myung,Ko, Jae-Woong Elsevier 2016 CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL Vol.42 No.12

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this work, we report the enhancement of the optical transmittance of yttria ceramics via a ‘pre-sintering/hot-pressing/hot-isostatic pressing’ multi-step process. The in-line transmittance reaches 78.0% at 400nm and 83.2% at 1100nm with an average grain size of approximately 1µm. This sintering route is derived and upgraded from our previously reported one-step hot-pressing method for the fabrication of transparent yttria ceramics. Through the enhanced strength of the green body by pre-sintering, the formation of cracks and the breaking up of the as-hot-pressed samples can be effectively suppressed, leading to sound or crack-free but less transparent samples. After a post-HIPing treatment, the optical transmittance of the samples with a pre-sintering step was substantially improved to higher levels in the visible and the IR wavelengths compared to that of a sample which does not undergo pre-sintering. The corresponding mechanism was revealed by microstructural analyses.</P>

SECURITY SITUATION IN NORTHEAST ASIA

Gan, Suqing 제주대학교 동아시아연구소 1991 東아시아硏究論叢 Vol.2 No.-

국문요약최근 동북아의 정치, 경제, 군사상황은 급격히 변화고 있다. 종래 냉전구조하의 경직된 역내안보질서가 서서히 와해되고 있으며 평화공존과 공영의 새조운 가능성이 증가되고 있 다. 그러나 이러한 새로운 사태발전에도 불구하고 일방적낙관론에 안주할 수 없다. 아직도 불확실성의 기운이 짙게 감돌고 있다. 동북아 안보환경을 정리해 보면 다음과 같은 흐름을 파악할 수 있다. 첫째. 1991년 8월 군부쿠데타미수를 계기로 소련은 더이상 동북아 지역내 큰 위협 세력으 로 등장하지 않을 것 같다 특히 최근 중소간의 관계 개선, 미소간의 대화, 그리고 소련의 대한반도정책을 감안할 때 과거 냉전체제하에서 처럼 소련이 "destabiliger"로서 역할을 수행하지는 않을 것이다. 둘째, 미국-중국관계의 약화는 역내질서와 안정을 해칠 수 있다. 소련의 팽창주의를 견제 하기 위해 미국과 중국은 일종의 동맹관계를 유지해 왔다. 그러나 천안문사태를 계기로 미 국은 중국에 대한 각양의 압력을 가하고 있다. 인권문제, 무역역조, 그리고 군수물자 판매 등을 빌미로 중국에 대한 압력을 가하고 있는데, 이는 미국의 가치와 문화를 중국에 이식시 키려는 패권주의적 움직임으로 받아들여질 수 있다. 중국에는 11억의 인구가 있고 이중 8억 5천만이 소작농들이고, 2억이 문맹자들이다. 이러한 상황하에서 미국식 가치와 문화를 받아 들이면 안정을 해친다. 중국이 불안해지면 수백만의 중국난민들이 주변국가들로 몰려들어갈 것이고 이는 동북아질서를 심각하게 해칠 것이다. 세번째, 일본과 중국관계는 1970년대이후 점진적으로 개선되어 왔다. 그러나 일본은 그 경제력에 비추어 중국을 포함한 인근국가들에 대해 편협한 태도를 취해왔다. 특히 경제대국 으로 일본의 정치, 군사적 위상 향상은 동북아지역에서 일본과 미국간에 새로운 형태의 패 권적 경쟁을 촉발할 수 있고, 이는 역내안정과 질서를 해할 수 있다. 마지막으로 탈냉전의 기류에 맞추어 한반도의 평화가능성도 증가하고 있다. 그러나 아직 도 주한미군문제와 전술핵문제가 남북한 평화협상에 장애가 되고 있다. 특히 이중에서도 주 한미군의 전술핵은 아주 결정적 장애라고 할 것이다. 따라서 전술핵 문제의 선결은 북한의 핵무기보유를 방지하고 한반도에 평화와 안정을 가져오게 하는 중요한 정책이슈라 하겠다. AbstractThere is a tendency of multipolarity in polities, economy and military in Northeast Asia, where the interests of the main political, economic and military powers in the world gather up. Japan is . newly emerging economic superpower. The Soviet Union is still a military superpower. The United States is the only superpower not only in political, economic fields , but also in military field. China is the biggest developing country and socialist country in the world. South korea is a newly industrilized nation. And North Korea is trying hard to get out of isolated situation. Therefore , the main conflicts in the world today - east-west, south-north and west-west are sharper than anywhere else. However, there appears a momentum of the end of Cold War, peaceful coexistance , cooperation and development under the detents in the whole wor1d. All of these have laid a good foundation for the 21th century to be the Asian Pacific era.

Highly transparent Nd-doped yttria ceramics fabricated by hot pressing with ZrO₂ and La₂O₃ as sintering additives

Gan, Lin,Park, Young-Jo,Zhu, Lin-Lin,Kim, Ha-Neul,Ko, Jae-Woong,Lee, Jae-Wook Elsevier 2018 JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS Vol.763 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Highly transparent Nd-doped yttria ceramics were fabricated by hot-pressing at 1600 °C with single addition and co-addition of ZrO<SUB>2</SUB> and La<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>. The binary additives were found to promote the densification of yttria more effectively than single addition, resulting in higher transmittance. The highest transmittance was obtained in the sample with 1 at.% ZrO<SUB>2</SUB> and 3 at.% La<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>, which reached 74.3% transparency at a wave length of 400 nm and 81.3% at 1100 nm. The optical absorption, luminescence, and fluorescence decay of this sample was investigated. The absorption cross-sections of the sample at 806 nm and 820 nm were 1.22 × 10<SUP>−20</SUP> and 1.31 × 10<SUP>−20</SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP>, respectively. The strongest emission was measured at 1078 nm with a full-width at half-maximum of 5 nm with excitation at 808 nm and a fluorescence lifetime of 423 μs. Additionally, the microhardness of the all samples is ranging from 7.88 to 7.05 GPa with variation of the grain size from 0.85 to 1.81 μm, while the fracture toughness of the all samples is about 1 MPa m<SUP>1/2</SUP> and was found to be almost unchanged. These results have demonstrated that Nd-doped yttria ceramics for the application of laser gain media can be fabricated by hot-pressing.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Highly transparent Nd-doped yttria ceramics fabricated by hot-pressing. </LI> <LI> Effects of ZrO<SUB>2</SUB>-La<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> additives on the samples were studied. </LI> <LI> The optical and mechanical properties of the samples were studied. </LI> </UL> </P>