The Influence of Team Grit on Team Performance in Chinese High-Tech Enterprises

GUO JING 홍익대학교 대학원 2023 국내박사

하이테크 기업들이 환경변화의 빠른 대응을 위하여 조직구조에서 팀제를 도입함에 따라 팀성과에 영향을 미치는 영향요소에 대한 연구가 지속적으로 주목받고 있다. 특히 과업환경의 복잡성과 불확실성 및 모호성이 높은 경영환경에서 팀을 구성하는 팀의 특성과 팀성과와의 관계 연구는 학계의 주목받는 연구분야로 되고 있다. 이와 관련된 선행연구들을 살펴보면 팀의 표면적 특성과 관련된 연구와 팀의 내적 특성과 관련된 연구로 구분할 수 있는 데, 팀의 표면적 특성과 관련된 팀의 연령과 팀 규모 및 팀의 유형 등 팀의 표면적 성격이 팀성과와의 관계 연구는 이미 많은 연구가 진행되었다. 최근의 연구는 팀의 내적 성격과 팀 성과와의 관계를 밝히는 데 주목하고 있다. 이러한 연구의 흐름에 기반하여, 본 연구는 하이테크 기업들이 직면하는 과업환경의 복잡성을 상황배경으로, 팀의 내적 특성변수인 팀 그릿과 팀 성과 간의 관계를 밝히고자 한다. 그릿과 관련하여, 개인의 그릿에 대한 연구는 교육학과 스포츠 선수 연구에서는 많은 연구가 이뤄졌으나 경영학 분야에서의 연구는 최근에 주목받고 있다. 아울러 경영학 분야에서 팀 수준의 그릿에 대한 연구는 최근에 주목받기 시작하고 극소수의 이론적인 연구에만 그치고 실증연구는 전무한 상황이다. 본 연구는 이러한 연구의 한계를 극복하는 차원에서, 경쟁환경이 치열한 중국의 하이테크 기업들은 대상으로 팀 그릿이 팀성과에 미치는 영향관계를 밝히는 것을 연구목적으로 하였다. 상기의 연구목적에 기반하여 선행연구들에 대한 문헌고찰을 통하여 다음의 세 가지 세부적인 연구문제들을 제기하였다. 첫째, 중국 하이테크 기업들에서 팀 그릿의 구조적 차원은 무엇인가? 둘째, 팀 그릿이 팀 성과에 미치는 영향관계에서 직접관계와 간접관계는 어떻게 존재하는지? 간접관계를 설명하는 매개변수는 어떤 것들이 존재하는지? 셋째, 팀이 직면한 과업환경의 복잡성은 팀 그릿과 팀 성과 간의 매개변수들에 대하여 조절효과를 가지는가? 이러한 연구문제들에 대하여, 본 논문에서는 다음과 같은 세부적인 연구를 진행하였다. 첫째, 본 연구에서는 중국 하이테크 기업이라는 배경에서 팀 그릿의 구조적 차원에 대한 논의를 진행하였다. 본 연구는 선행연구를 바탕으로 팀 그릿을 팀이 장애와 좌절에 직면했을 때의 팀 열정(Team Passion, 이하 PA로 지칭)과 팀 노력(Team Perseverance, 이하 TP 로 지칭)에 의해 장기적으로 목표를 추구하게 되는 두 가지 차원으로 구분하였다. 그리고 이에 대한 측정은 선행연구들에 기반하여, 중국 하이테크 기업 배경에 적합한 팀 그릿 설문지로 수정하여 예비조사를 경과하여 타당성을 입증한 후 재 수정 보완하여 활용하였다. 실증결과, 표본 데이터의 탐색적 요인분석을 통해 팀 그릿은 팀 열정(PA)과 팀 노력(PE)의 두 가지 요인으로 구성된다는 것을 밝혔으며, 표본 데이터의 확인적 요인분석으로도 팀 그릿의 2요인 구조를 검증하였다. 둘째, 팀 그릿의 결과변수로 추론되면서도 또한 기존 연구에서 팀성과에 영향을 미치는 변수들인 팀성찰(Team Reflexivity, 이하 TR지칭), 팀공유 리더십(Shared Leadership, 이하 SL지칭), 팀지식공유(Knowledge sharing, 이하KS로 지칭)를 매개변수로 분석하였다. 셋째, 본 연구에서는 선행연구에 기반하여 팀 그릿과 팀 성과 간의 관계에서 조절효과를 가질 것으로 추론되는 변수로, 팀이 직면하는 과업 복잡성을 조절변수로 분석하였다. 과업이 복잡할수록 팀 그릿이 높은 팀이 열정과 인내로 과업복잡성을 극복하는 효과가 클 것으로 추론하였다. 상기의 연구에 대한 실증분석은 중국 하이테크 68개 기업의 168개의 팀의 626명의 구성원, 168명의 팀장들에 대한 설문조사 자료를 활용하였다. 확인적 요인분석을 진행하여, 연구모형의 타당성을 검증한 후. 다음의 관계를 실증하였다. 첫째, 팀 그릿이 팀 성찰과 팀 공유 리더십 및 팀 지식 공유에 미치는 긍정적인 영향을 입증하였다. 팀 그릿(Team Grit, 이하 TG로 지칭)(하위차원: PA, PE)가 팀성찰(TR), 팀공유리더(SL), 팀공유지식㉿에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 밝혔다. 둘째, TR, SL 및 KS는 팀 그릿과 팀성과의 영향경로에서 매개 역할을 입증하여, 팀 그릿과 팀성과 사이의 영향기제를 밝혔다. 셋째로, 본 연구에서는 팀 복잡성(Team Complexity)의 상황조건이 팀 그릿(TG)과 팀 성찰(TR), 팀 공유 리더십(SL), 팀 지식 공유(KS) 사이에서 조절역할을 한다는 것을 밝혔다. 연구결과에서 팀 복잡성은 팀 그릿의 두 가지 하위 차원PE와 TR의 상호작용, 그리고 PE와 SL의 작용 관계 중에서, 또한 TG와 KS의 상호 작용 관계 중에서 긍정적인 조절 역할을 한다는 것을 검증하였다. 상기의 연구결과를 따르면 팀이 직면한 과업의 복잡성이 높을 때, 팀 그릿은 팀성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 요소이다. 그리고 팀 그릿과 팀성과 간의 관계에서 팀 성찰과 팀공유리더십 및 팀지식공유 등 요소들은 매개 역할을 가지고 있다. 이러한 결과는 팀성과에 대한 선행요인에 대한 연구에서 기존연구에서 진행되지 않았던 팀 그릿의 역할을 밝혔다는 이론적인 기여와 실무적인 시사점을 제공한다. 또한 팀 그릿과 팀성과 간의 관계에서 팀 성찰과 팀 공유 리더십 및 팀 지식공유 등의 매개 역할을 입증하였다는 점에서 이론적인 기여와 실무적인 시사점을 제공한다. 연구의 말미에 본 연구의 한계와 향후의 연구과제를 제시하였다. 키워드: 팀 그릿, 팀 성찰, 팀 공유 리더십, 팀 지식 공유, 팀 복잡성, 팀 실적. In order to adapt to environmental changes, high-tech enterprises introduce teamwork system at the organization level. Especially in the high uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity of a task environment, the relationship between team characteristics and team performance has become a concern of academic research. By reviewing previous literature, this paper finds that a team’s surface-level diversity and deep-level traits are important antecedent factors affecting its performance. Many researches have verified the relationship between a team’s surface-level diversity and its performance, which include team age, team size, and team type. In addition, recent research has focused on revealing the relationship between a team’s deep-level traits and its performance. Based on this research, this study views the team task complexity of the task environment faced by high-tech enterprises as the context background. This study aims to reveal the relationship between team deep-level trait variables of team grit and team performance. At present, grit as a personality trait at the individual level has been discussed in psychology, pedagogy, and sports. The research of grit in the field of management has attracted significant attention recently. Meanwhile, the study of team grit has only recently begun to attract attention, with only a few theoretical studies and almost no empirical studies. The purpose of this study is to supplement the limitations of that research, and to clarify the relationship between team grit and team performance in the highly competitive Chinese high-tech enterprises. Based on the above research objectives, the following three research questions are proposed. First, what is the structural dimension of team grit? Second, what factors affect the relationship between team grit and team performance, and how does the "black box" of the mediating mechanism function? Third, does team complexity and team grit interaction affect team reflexivity, team shared leadership, and team knowledge sharing? To answer these questions, this paper carried out the following research. First, this study explored the structural dimension of team grit in the Chinese context. Based on previous research, this study distinguished Team Passion (PA) and Team Perseverance (PE) as two measurements of long-term goals. According to the literature review, the team grit measurement was modified into a questionnaire suitable for the background of Chinese high-tech enterprises. After the preliminary investigation, it proved that the team grit questionnaire obtained was reasonable and effective. Empirical results show that through exploratory factor analysis of sample data, the scale of team grit consists of two factors: Team Passion (PA) and Team Perseverance (PE). A confirmatory factor analysis showed that the two-factor structure of team grit was validated at the team level. Therefore, this study chose team grit factors of PA and PE for verification analysis. Second, this study analyzed the influence mechanism of team grit on team performance. The mediating effect factors include team reflexivity, team shared leadership, team knowledge sharing, and team complexity. Third, based on previous studies, this study determined the moderating variables of team complexity on the relationship between team grit and team performance. The more complex the task, the higher the team grit, the more effective the team will be in overcoming the complexity of the task with enthusiasm and patience. Based on the literature review, this study conducted confirmatory factor analysis through China’s 68 high-tech enterprise’s sample data, 626 members and 168 leaders from 168 teams, which supported the hypothesis model. First, this study explored the impact of team grit on team reflexivity, team shared leadership, and team knowledge sharing. Studies supported that team grit has a positive effect on all of these components. Second, this study confirmed the relationship between team grit and team innovation. By examining the mediating effects of team reflexivity, shared leadership, and knowledge sharing, the three factors play a mediating role in the pathway between team grit and team performance. Third, the boundary conditions supporting team task complexity play a moderating role between team grit and the three mediating factors. The study confirmed that team complexity has a positive moderating effect on the interaction between perseverance, team reflexivity, team perseverance, shared leadership, team grit, and knowledge sharing. In conclusion, when team task complexity is high, team grit is a positive factor affecting team performance. Furthermore, team reflexivity, team shared leadership, and team knowledge sharing play a mediating role. These results have theoretical significance and practical applicability. This study clarifies the role of team grit as the antecedent factors of team performance. At the end of the study, the limitations and directions for future research are proposed. Keywords: Team Grit, Team Reflexivity, Team Shared Leadership, Team Knowledge Sharing, Team Complexity, Team Performance.

에너지 대사 관련 유전자가 돼지 초기배아의 발달에 미치는 영향

Guo, Jing 충북대학교 2017 국내박사

To reveal the possible mechanism of blastocyst hatching, this study investigated the function of Liver Receptor Homolog1 (LRH1), Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor δ (PPARδ) and Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) in porcine early embryonic development. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is an enzyme responsible for the de novo synthesis of long-chain fatty acids. During oncogenesis, FASN plays a role in growth and survival rather than acting within the energy storage pathways. Here, the function of FASN during early embryonic development was studied using its specific inhibitor, C75 and Crispr/Cas9 system. We found that the inhibition and knockout of FASN reduced blastocyst hatching. FASN inhibition decreased CPT1 expression, leading to a reduction in mitochondria numbers and ATP content. This inhibition of FASN resulted in the down-regulation of the AKT pathway, thereby triggering apoptosis through the activation of the p53 pathway. Activation of the apoptotic pathway also leads to increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species and autophagy. In addition, the FASN inhibitor impaired cell proliferation and pluripotency, parameters of blastocyst quality for outgrowth. Knockout FASN induced the endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated by the generation of ROS. These results show that FASN exerts an effect on early embryonic development by regulating both fatty acid oxidation ,the AKT pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress in pigs. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) is a nuclear receptor that plays critical roles in lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, and cell growth and differentiation. Several recent studies have shown that PPARδ promotes blastocyst hatching in vitro. However, the mechanism by which it promotes preimplantation embryonic development in vitro remains unclear. In this study, oocytes and parthenotes were treated with a specific agonist of PPARδ, GW501516. The activation of PPARδ had no effect on oocyte maturation for 1 μM and 10 μM GW501516 compared with the control group. Additionally, the PPARδ agonist did not affect blastocyst formation. However, the blastocyst hatching rate was significantly greater for parthenotes treated with 10 and 50 μM agonist, and did not differ between those treated with 100 μM agonist and the control group. Activation of PPARδ also increased blastocyst quality and cell number, as well as ATP production. There were no clear differences in mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrion copy number, or glucose consumption between the treatment and control groups. However, PPARδ activation enhanced lipid accumulation via FABP3 and FABP5. Fatty acid oxidation also increased in response to treatment with the agonist via the rate-limiting gene CPT2. Reactive oxygen species were modified and REDOX maintenance-related gene expression increased significantly in GW501516-exposed blastocysts. In addition, the activation of PPARδ resulted in changes in miRNA content. After treatment with the PPARδ agonist, miR-99 increased and miR-32 decreased. These data showed that PPARδ has a positive impact on blastocyst hatching via the regulation of lipid metabolism. Liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH1, also known as NR5A2) belongs to the orphan nuclear receptor superfamily and has diverse functions in development, metabolism, and cell differentiation and death. LRH1 regulates the expression of OCT4, which is a key factor of early embryonic differentiation. However, the role of RH1 in early development of mammalian embryo is unknown. In the present study, the localization, LRH1 mRNA expression, and LRH1 protein levels in porcine early parthenotes were examined by immunofluorescence and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. To determine the role of LRH1 in porcine early embryo development, the parthenotes were treated with the specific LRH1 antagonist 505601. The immunofluorescence signal for LRH1 was only observed in the nucleus of blastocysts. The blastocyst developmental rate in the presence of 50- and 100-μM 505601 was significantly lower than that in the control group. The blastocyst hatching rate was also reduced in the presence of 50- and 100-μM 505601 than that under control conditions. The latter effect was possibly due to the decreased expression of hatching-related genes such as FN1, ITGα5, and COX2 upon the inhibition of LRH1. Incubation with the LRH1 antagonist also increased the number of apoptotic cells among the blastocysts. Moreover, LRH1 inhibition enhanced the expression of the pro-apoptotic genes Bax and Casp3, and reduced the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2. Lrh1 inhibition also led to significant decrease in the expression levels of OCT4 mRNA and octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) protein in the blastocysts. In conclusion, LRH1 affects blastocyst formation and hatching in porcine embryonic development through the regulation of OCT4 expression and cell apoptosis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that LRH1, PPARδ and FASN are required for porcine early embryonic development, especially for the blastocyst hatching. This study provide a novel insight into the role of LRH1, PPARδ and FASN as novel embryonic competence factor at the onset of lif

Correlating surface modification of indium tin oxide with device behaviors

Guo, Jing Princeton University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

Thin film synthesis methods were used to modify the surface of indium tin oxide (ITO). Films both of discrete small molecules and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were formed on the ITO surface. Loadings of discrete complexes and of the SAMs were measured by quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM). Work function changes induced by surface modifications were measured using a home-built Kelvin probe. Dipole moments of surface complexes were calculated, which correlated well with measured work function changes. Simple diode devices were built using modified ITO substrates, and a linear correlation between logarithms of current densities and substrate work functions was measured, which agrees well with a thermionic emission model for hole injection. Similar observations were made for devices built on SAM-modified ITO. Surface modification using complexes with restricted ligand conformations was also accomplished, but devices built on these surfaces did not perform as expected. Explanations for these latter results were suggested.

Catalytic wet oxidation over pillared clay catalyst in packed-bed reactors: Experiments and modeling

Guo, Jing Washington University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

As an important approach for the wastewater treatment, catalytic wet oxidation (CWO) in packed bed reactors has drawn significant attention in the chemical and petrochemical industries. A packed-bed reactor, especially in the upflow mode of operation, has been shown to be more suitable for the CWO process than other reactor types. CWO of phenol in aqueous phase is studied in this work over a newly developed Al-Fe pillared clay catalyst. This catalyst has shown potential for wastewater treatment, as it reduces the reaction temperature and pressure and provides better resistant to deactivation. For reactor design and scale-up, the interactions between the involved reaction kinetics, hydrodynamics, interphase and intraparticle transport in the catalytic packed bed at different reaction conditions needs to be addressed. The goal is to get complete mineralization of phenol at mild conditions and to identify the corresponding operating conditions. In the experiment part, pillared clay catalyst performance for wastewater treatment (phenol removal) was investigated in both batch and packed bed reactors. Batch experiments, using a basket reactor, were performed to identify the suitable operating conditions, and to derive the apparent reaction kinetics for phenol removal. Appropriate kinetic models were derived and used to predict packed bed performance. The performance of the pillared clay catalyst for phenol oxidation in a packed bed process was investigated with co-current downflow and upflow. Under rather mild conditions, the Al-Fe pillared clay catalyst can achieve total elimination of phenol and significant mineralization (80--100%) of total organic carbon (TOC). The catalyst deactivation is investigated via three different detection methods: particle pore BET analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and inductively coupled plasma (ICP). In the modeling part, a suitable reactor scale model is evaluated and extended to predict the performance of packed-bed reactors under employed conditions. The effects of key parameters, such as extent of liquid-solid contacting, gas/liquid limitation, and mass transfer resistance, have been investigated. The model is modified to account for the volatilization of the solvent. Such a modeling strategy is aimed to provide a tool for further evaluation of the new catalyst design and various operating conditions.

Recursive Utility with Narrow Framing: Properties and Applications

Guo, Jing Columbia University ProQuest Dissertations & These 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

We study the total utility of an agent in a model of narrow framing with constant elasticity of intertemporal substitution and relative risk aversion degree and with infinite time horizon. In a finite-state Markovian setting, we prove that the total utility uniquely exists when the agent derives nonnegative utility of gains and losses incurred by holding risky assets and that the total utility can be non-existent or non-unique otherwise. Moreover, we prove that the utility, when uniquely exists, can be computed by a recursive algorithm with any starting point. We then consider a portfolio selection problem with narrow framing and solve it by proving that the corresponding dynamic programming equation has a unique solution. Finally, we propose a new model of narrow framing in which the agent's total utility uniquely exists in general. Barberis and Huang (2009, J. Econ. Dynam. Control, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 1555-1576) propose a preference model that allows for narrow framing, and this model has been successfully applied to explain individuals' attitudes toward timeless gambles and high equity premia in the market. To uniquely define the utility process in this preference model and to yield a unique solution when the model is applied to portfolio selection problems, one needs to impose some restrictions on the model parameters, which are too tight for many financial applications. We propose a modification of Barberis and Huang's model and show that the modified model admits a unique utility process and a unique solution in portfolio selection problems. Moreover, the modified model is more tractable than Barberis and Huang's when applied to portfolio selection and asset pricing.

The stimulation impact of homogeneous and heterogeneous visuals on nominal and interactive group brainstorming

Guo, Jing Cornell University 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

The present study provides a theoretical extension of the main propositions of the SIAM model by testing visual stimuli on both nominal and interactive groups. Compared to previous studies, this study provides a more dynamic comparative analysis between nominal and interactive groups under various visual stimulation conditions, building on the existing SIAM model by extending a comparison of two group types (nominal vs. interactive) into a comparison between two sets of visual stimuli (homogeneous vs. heterogeneous) and between two different lab settings (physical or virtual). As expected, all nominal groups in the present study generated more ideas, expressed more idea categories, and had higher inter-category fluency than interactive groups. The SIAM model suggests two strategies to assist brainstormers with generating unconventional ideas: stimulating diverse idea categories to increase the breadth of ideas generated, stimulating relevant homogeneous categories to increase the depth of ideas generated. In general, groups exposed to visual stimuli generated more ideas and produced a greater number of idea categories than groups given no visual stimuli. As hypothesized, groups exposed to task-irrelevant, heterogeneous stimuli generated relatively more idea categories, but task-relevant, homogeneous stimuli did not affect group performance as expected. There was no major difference in inter-category fluency between homogenous and heterogeneous stimulation conditions across nominal and interactive groups.