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Focused Review on Cu–Ni–Sn Spinodal Alloys: From Casting to Additive Manufacturing
Bipin Sankar,Chaitanya Vinay,Jithin Vishnu,Karthik V. Shankar,G. P. Gokul Krishna,V. Govind,A. J. Jayakrishna 대한금속·재료학회 2023 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.29 No.5
The present review article evaluates the research and progress status of Cu–Ni–Sn-based spinodal alloys focussed on themethods and technologies implemented to enhance the properties of cast Cu–Ni–Sn alloys in industrial applications, particularlyin components such as bearings, bushings, propellers, and impellers that find extensive demand in the marineand automotive industry. The review introduces the limitations of employing copper-beryllium alloys in the industry anddiscusses how Cu–Ni–Sn alloys represent a potential alternative. Subsequently, a comprehensive overview of spinodaldecomposition is provided, considering the thermodynamic aspects and the Cu–Ni–Sn ternary phase diagram. The processingof Cu–Ni–Sn alloys via traditional casting is explored with an overview of various casting techniques and ensuingmicrostructure-property relationships. The two significant limitations, segregation during solidification and discontinuousprecipitation, are highlighted. Strategies to overcome these limitations, such as precipitation hardening, spinodal decomposition,thermo-mechanical processing, and composition design (with the effect of varying elemental additions), are furtherelaborated. The review summarises novel processing routes encompassing mechanical alloying, rapid solidification, powdermetallurgy, and spray deposition for developing spinodal Cu–Ni–Sn alloys. Finally, the progress in fabricating Cu–Ni–Snspinodal alloys using additive manufacturing techniques such as selective laser melting is highlighted. There are publishedreview papers on the wrought processing of Cu–Ni–Sn alloys, so this area has not been covered here. Overall, this reviewarticle is intended to streamline an overview of the characteristics and gradual developments from cast Cu–Ni–Sn spinodalalloys to additive manufacturing-based Cu–Ni–Sn spinodal alloys.