Adolescent nutrition: what do pediatricians do?

Ryoo, Eell The Korean Pediatric Society 2011 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.54 No.7

Multiple psychosocial problems and many chronic diseases of adulthood can be influenced by adolescent nutritional problems. In Korea, adolescent obesity and obesity related health risks have been increased and insufficient intakes of nutrients, such as calcium, iron and potassium, and distorted thinking about obesity are also common. However there are no comprehensive countermeasure because of the excessive burden of studies and the lack of community interest. And the nutrition guidelines that is suitable for Korean adolescent leaves something to be desired, and the pediatrician's concern is lacking yet. In the Korean dietary reference intakes 2010 that was revised according to the 2007 Korean National Growth Chart and 2007 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the range for adolescents is changed to the age 12-18 and dietary reference intakes of some nutrients mainly with vitamin D is changed. Recently several researches, about how school nutrition policies and media effect on eating habits and the weight concerns, and influences of public nutrition policies and fast food commercials have been actively studied to improve adolescent nutritive conditions. In this review, I summarize the dietary reference intakes for Korean adolescents that were revised in 2010, and current studies about the adolescent nutrition.

Recent advances in epigenetic mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric gastrointestinal allergic disorders

Ryoo Eell 대한소아청소년과학회 2023 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.66 No.6

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Adolescent nutrition: what do pediatricians do?

Eell Ryoo 대한소아청소년과학회 2011 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.54 No.7

Multiple psychosocial problems and many chronic diseases of adulthood can be influenced by adolescent nutritional problems. In Korea, adolescent obesity and obesity related health risks have been increased and insufficient intakes of nutrients, such as calcium, iron and potassium, and distorted thinking about obesity are also common. However there are no comprehensive countermeasure because of the excessive burden of studies and the lack of community interest. And the nutrition guidelines that is suitable for Korean adolescent leaves something to be desired, and the pediatrician’s concern is lacking yet. In the Korean dietary reference intakes 2010 that was revised according to the 2007 Korean National Growth Chart and 2007 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the range for adolescents is changed to the age 12-18 and dietary reference intakes of some nutrients mainly with vitamin D is changed. Recently several researches, about how school nutrition policies and media effect on eating habits and the weight concerns, and influences of public nutrition policies and fast food commercials have been actively studied to improve adolescent nutritive conditions. In this review, I summarize the dietary reference intakes for Korean adolescents that were revised in 2010, and current studies about the adolescent nutrition.

Causes of acute gastroenteritis in Korean children between 2004 and 2019

Ryoo, Eell The Korean Pediatric Society 2021 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.64 No.6

Since the 2000s, the major causes of acute gastroenteritis in children in Korea have been identified by classifying the pathogens into viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. For viruses, the detection rate is 20%-30%, and norovirus is being increasingly detected to account for the majority of viral gastroenteritis cases. In addition, despite the dissemination of the rotavirus vaccine, many rotavirus infections persist, and its seasonal distribution is changing. The detection rate of bacterial pathogens is 3%-20%, with Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. infections being the most common, while the incidences of Bacillus cereus and Campylobacter spp. infections are gradually increasing. Owing to intermittent outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by individual bacteria as well as the inflow of causative bacteria, such as E. coli, Vibrio spp., and Campylobacter spp., from overseas, continuous surveillance of and research into the characteristics and serotypes of each bacterium are needed.

소아청소년기의 항구토제

류일,Ryoo, Eell 대한소아소화기영양학회 2009 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.12 No.suppl1

In children and adolescents with acute gastroenteritis and other gastrointestinal disease, antiemetics are frequently used. But there are insufficient data about antiemetic use in children, so it should be used carefully. Despite some significant researches, treatment guidelines of ondansetron will be carefully presented through further investigation.

소아청소년 진정내시경: 대한소아소화기영양학회 학술위원회 조사 보고

류일,김경모,Ryoo, Eell,Kim, Kyung-Mo 대한소아소화기영양학회 2008 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.11 No.1

목 적: 한국 소아청소년에서 시행되는 의식하 진정내시경 시행 실태와 부작용, 그리고 새로운 약제 등의 사용 여부 등을 다기관 연구를 통해 파악하여 적절한 지침을 세우는데 도움을 주고자 하였다. 방 법: 대한소아소화기영양학회 회원 소속 병원 중 2차 병원 이상의 병원을 대상으로 2006년 6월부터 2006년 7월까지 한 달의 기간 동안 시행된 내시경 검사를 대상으로 하였으며, 16개의 문항으로 설문지를 만들어 배포 후 수거된 결과를 조사 분석하였다. 결 과: 전체 내시경 시술 횟수 465예 중 의식하 진정 내시경은 89.0% (414예), 전신 마취하에 시술한 예는 0.9% (4예)였으며, 의식하 진정내시경의 비율은 상부소화관의 경우 89.1% (362예), 하부소화관의 경우는 88.1%(52예)였다. 의사 한 명 당 한달 평균 16.0건의 내시경을 시술하고 있었으며, 내시경을 시행하는 의사 수는 병원당 평균 1.16명, 보조자는 평균 2.58명이었다. 또한 마취과 의사의 도움을 받는 경우는 3개(12%) 병원이었다. 사용한 약물은 전체 의식하 진정내시경 414예 중 미다졸람(midazolam)만 사용한 경우가 전체 84.5% (350예), 프로포폴(propofol)을 사용한 경우는 상부소화관 내시경을 시행한 2예(0.5%)였고, 2가지 이상의 복합제재를 사용한 경우는 하부소화관검사의 경우 44예(84.6%), 역행성담관조영술(ERCP)의 경우가 2예(100%)였다. 진정내시경 시행 중 사용한 모니터링은 심전도 감시와 함께 맥박산소측정기를 사용한 경우가 91.4% (320예), 자동혈압측정기를 같이 사용한 경우 5.1% (18예)였다. 부작용으로는 일시적 산소포화도의 저하로 산소를 투여한 경우로 4.6% (16예)였다. 또한 길항제로 flumazenil을 투여한 경우는 모든 환자에서 투여한다고 답한 경우를 제외하면 2.71% (9예)였다. 진정내시경 시행 여부의 결정은 환자 혹은 환자의 보호자와 상의하여 결정하는 경우가 84% (21개 병원)였다. 의사가 느끼는 만족도는 68%에서 만족하는 것으로 나타났으며, 의사가 느끼는 환자 혹은 환자 보호자의 만족도는 만족이 84% (21개 병원)였다. 결 론: 우리나라 소아의 의식하 진정내시경 시 사용한 약물은 대부분 미다졸람 단독 투여만으로 시행하며, 하부소화관 검사 시에는 복합 약물을 투여한 경우가 많았다. 또한 환자와 의사 대부분 만족하는 것으로 나타났으며, 부작용은 거의 나타나지 않았다. Purpose: The aim of this survey was to analyze the choice of sedative drugs and their side effects during pediatric endoscopic sedation in Korea. We also evaluated doctors, caretakers and patient satisfaction with the procedures. Methods: Between June 2006 and July 2006, a 16-item survey regarding current sedation practices, during one month, was mailed to 28 hospitals in Korea. The results of the survey responses were then analyzed. Results: Endoscopy performed under conscious sedation was reported in 89.0% of the responders and endoscopy under general anesthesia in 0.9% of 465 endoscopic procedures. Endoscopy under conscious sedation was performed in 89.1% for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (GFS) and 88.1% for lower GFS. Midazolam was used for conscious sedation during the endoscopy in 84.5% of cases and propofol was used in two cases (0.5%). In addition, a bezodiazepine/opioid combination was used iin 84.6% (44 cases) for lower GFS. Patients were monitored with pulse oxymetry, EKG (91.4%) as well as automatic BP (5.1%). Transient hypoxia was the only side effect noted and was treated with supplemental oxygen (4.6%). Flumazenil was used in 2.71% of cases. The choice of sedation was made by the endoscopist (84%). The satisfaction rate for endoscopists was 68%, and for the patients and caretakers was 84% (as reported by the endoscopists). Conclusion: Midazolam was used only for the upper GFS and benzodiazepine/opioid combination was used for the lower GFS in Korea. The rate of satisfaction was relatively high and there were no significant side effects noted during the endoscopy under conscious sedation.

Risk factors of delayed diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children: for early detection of acute appendicitis

Choi, Jea Yeon,Ryoo, Eell,Jo, Jeong Hyun,Hann, Tchah,Kim, Seong Min The Korean Pediatric Society 2016 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.59 No.9

Purpose: This study examined the risk factors of a delayed diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children undergoing an appendectomy. Methods: This retrospective study involved children aged below 18 years, who underwent an appendectomy. After dividing them into a delayed diagnosis group and nondelayed diagnosis group according to the time interval between the initial hospital visit and final diagnosis, the risk factors of delayed diagnosis were identified using logistic regression analysis. Results: Among 712 patients, 105 patients (14.7%) were classified in the delayed diagnosis group; 92 patients (12.9%) were diagnosed using ultrasonography (US), and both US and computed tomography were performed in 38 patients (5.3%). More patients in the delayed diagnosis group underwent US (P=0.03). Spring season and prior local clinic visit were significantly associated with a delayed diagnosis. Fever and diarrhea were more common in the delayed diagnosis group (fever: odds ratio [OR], 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.81; diarrhea: OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.08-3.46; P<0.05). These patients showed symptoms for a longer duration (OR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.78-3.78; P<0.05), and the admission course (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.11-1.44; P<0.05) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.19-1.82; P<0.05) were associated with the delayed diagnosis. Conclusion: To decrease the rate of delayed diagnoses of acute appendicitis, symptoms such as fever and diarrhea, seasonal variations, admission course, and CRP levels should be considered and children with a longer duration of symptoms should be closely monitored.

Poisoning in Korean Children and Adolescents

Woo, Jae Hyug,Ryoo, Eell The Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology 2013 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.16 No.4

Drug intoxication in children and adolescents is not uncommon in Korea. But the tendency of intoxication is changing with some factors, such as national surveillance system, Naderism and increasing concern among physicians. But the death rate of intoxication among adolescents is increasing in spite of decreasing total death rate of intoxication among children and adolescents. Therefore the physician must be concerned about the basic management of intoxication and figure out the common toxic substance among children and adolescents.

Clinical Manifestations of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children and Adolescents: A Single-Center, Matched Case-Control Study

Roh, Ji Hyeon,Ryoo, Eell,Tchah, Hann The Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology 2020 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.23 No.4

Purpose: To examine the prevalence and clinical manifestations of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in Korea children. Methods: The study was designed as a 1:2 matching case-control study. Using information from the endoscopic database of a tertiary center, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients aged 18 years or younger who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy between January 2014 and December 2017. A total of 21 patients were diagnosed with EoE based on current diagnostic criteria. In addition, 42 controls with normal esophageal biopsy findings matched to each EoE case by sex, age (±1 months), and season were randomly selected during the study period. Results: The mean age of EoE diagnosis was 12.1±4.0 years and the male-to-female ratio was 2:1. The proportion of allergic diseases in patients with EoE (28.6%) was higher than that in the controls (6.8%) (p=0.04). Most EoE patients tested for allergy were positive for at least one antigen, which was significantly different to the controls (88.2% vs. 47.4%, p=0.01). Characteristic endoscopic findings of EoE were noted in 19 patients (90.5%), but 2 patients (9.5%) showed normal esophageal mucosa. The clinical symptoms of EoE were improved by a proton-pump inhibitor in 10 patients (50.0%), and by an H₂ blocker in 9 patients (45.0%). Only one patient (5.0%) required inhaled steroids. Conclusion: While EoE is rare in the Korean pediatric population, the results of this study will improve our understanding of the clinical manifestations of the disease.

Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba Syndrome in a Patient with a PTEN Mutation Identified by Chromosomal Microarray Analysis: A Case Report

Lee, Sun Hwa,Ryoo, Eell,Tchah, Hann The Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology 2017 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.20 No.1

Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS) is one of the phosphatase and tensin homolog hamartoma tumor syndrome with a PTEN gene mutation. It is a rare dominant autosomal disorder characterized by cutaneous lipomas, macrocephaly, intestinal polyps, and developmental delay. Diagnosing this syndrome is important, because it may represent the pediatric phenotype of Cowden syndrome, in which there is an increased risk for malignant tumors in children. Until now, the prevalence of BRRS is unknown. Several dozen cases have been reported in the medical literature, but no case has been reported in Korea. Here we report a case of a 19-year-old girl who was diagnosed with BRRS because of macrocephaly, intellectual disability, and intestinal polyps. Her mother had similar findings and a PTEN mutation. Neither patient had mutations detected by conventional mutation-detection techniques, but a PTEN gene deletion was demonstrated by chromosomal microarray analysis.