THE CHALLENGES OF OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE (ODA) IN AFRICA : THE CASE OF CAMEROON

ENOW EYONG ALOYSIUS ENOW 아주대학교 Graduate School of International Studies Ajo 2018 국내석사

Foreign donors and governments that give assistance to the Cameroon government (through loans, humanitarian assistance, food aid, technical expertise and even military equipment) in order to encourage investment, thus boost standard of living, seems to pay no attention on the corruption perception index, the autocratic regime which does not serve the interest of the people. Ironically, with the abundance foreign aid given to Cameroon, the economy and standards of living of the donor countries keep on increasing as the Cameroon coffers wallow in debt accumulated from the above mentioned loans leaving majority of the population under the poverty line. This research is to promote equitable development by negotiating trade and investment deals that allow Cameroon in particular and African countries in general to nurture domestic industries, help tackle climate change, and promote social welfare and decent work. In addition, to advice the foreign donors on the need to have an accountability mechanisms and principles in order to provide screening measures which ensure that corrupt country(ies) above is/are given threshold of corruption perception index are not given foreign aid. Foreign donors to investigate and ensure the purpose to which aids are intended for are properly and adequately utilized. More over to ensure that Cameroon has a corresponding increase in its GDP per capita, low corruption perception index, high living standards et cetera. Finally, making sure aid is spent on building public services for everybody and cut the ‘dependent syndrome’ on foreign aid. The objectives of this project are; identify the net foreign aid given to Cameroon within an appreciable time frame. Identify some major ODA donors to Cameroon in particular and Africa in general then assess the resulting impacts to their economy as more aids are granted. Assess Cameroon’s corruption perception index and accumulated debt within a given time frame. Evaluate and explain the gap between expectation and reality. The above objectives were assessed and showed that, Cameroon being a highly corrupt country is dependent on foreign aid. In additional, external forces through international institutions and foreign aid donors ‘fuel’ corruption in Cameroon by pumping more aids to the nation with a complete disregard as long as it does not affect their interest, and ‘manipulate’ the international system to their advantage to ensure that the nation remain corrupt and more dependent on foreign aid. Therefore there is a need to consider a gradual or long term measure to stop the ‘addiction’ o aid so as to foster a self-development and corrupt free society.

Evaluating and Comparing the Effectiveness of Humanitarian Engagement and Programming in Promoting Local Integration of Refugees from Nigeria to Cameroon and from Syria to Germany from 2014-2015

ENOW, EVELINE EBAI 아주대학교 아주대학교 국제대학원 2016 국내석사

Cameroon is a very peaceful and a well secured country. But is important to mention that, due to ongoing instability in the region, Cameroon has been allowing refugees and asylum-seekers from neighbouring countries, such as, Chad, Nigeria and even from the Central African Republic (CAR). Refugees from especially the CAR presently occupy over more than 308 sites in the East and Adamawa regions across 50,000 square kilometres. This situation is further worsened due to the poor road network in the refugee sites, as accessibility to the RHA becomes very difficult.

(AN) APPRAISAL OF THE INFLUENCE OF TOURISM ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF CAMEROON

ENOW, CHARLES PIUS AGBOR 아주대학교 Graduate School of International Studies Ajo 2017 국내석사

This paper examines the relationship between tourism development and its influence on the socio-economic development of Cameroon with emphasis on a comparative analysis of this influence in the two large distinct regions of the country that is the North and South. The Cameroon government has for so many years neglected the tourism sector as an agent of development in favor of sectors like agriculture, manufacturing, mineral exploitation and services. It was not until the last two decades that tourism became enlisted in the government agenda as a priority even though still on a lower scale. It is on this premise that this study pays particular attention to the marginalization of the local people in the regions with the touristic potentials who ironically are those with the lowest level of socio-economic development despite their rich touristic potentials. This research goes on to show that tourism and socio-economic development are intricately related and as such tourism can be used as a new and more efficient tool for the socio-economic development of the regions concerned in particular and the whole country in general. The study did not however ignore the great challenges facing the development of the tourism industry in Cameroon and the problems encountered by the local people when trying to integrate them into the industry. The outcome of this study is generalized so as to depict what Cameroon needs to do to develop a vibrant tourism industry which meets the socio-economic needs of its local people. The study concludes that tourism is an agent of socio-economic development and it suggest that the tourism sector should be strengthened through increased partnership between the government and local communities in order to attract more visitors to Cameroon.

Low emission scenarios and policies for the rural household energy sub-sector of cameroon

Frankline Enow Arrey Green School Graduate School of Energy and Environ 2021 국내석사

In accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement to stabilize global temperature rise to 1.5o Celsius over the next 100 years, Cameroon submitted her Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) seeking to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 25% by 2035, based on international support which was changed to the nationally determined contribution (NDC) with a 20% GHG emissions reduction by 2035 in July 2016, upon ratification of this global accord. This paper is an attempt to use the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) model to analyze rural households’ energy demand of Cameroon within the framework of Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All), climate change mitigation and SDGs. The Technology and Environmental Database (TED) installed in LEAP software was used to calculate GHG emissions. The key assumptions used in this model are the 2015 real GDP growth rate, and population growth rate. Other variables used include the energy intensity of fuel consumption (in Giga joules), time (in years) and the IPCC Tier 1 default emission factors. The base year was 2015 while the target year was 2035. Three scenarios were developed in the framework of this assessment: a baseline or business as usual (BAU) scenario, and two policy scenarios: an energy access scenario and a climate change mitigations scenario. The results show that cooking is the greatest source of energy demand and biomass is the greatest energy source in rural households in Cameroon particularly wood fuel and charcoal. The energy demand for rural households in Cameroon by 2035 for the baseline, energy access and climate mitigation scenario are respectively 692.8 Million GJ, 616.4 Million GJ, and 525.1 Million GJ. The GHG emissions by 2035 are respectively 14.03 Million tons of CO2eq, 11.84 Million tons of CO2eq. Some of the issues involved with rural household energy consumption in Cameroon include indoor air pollution and infectious diseases, deforestation, and mass extinction of species, GHG emission, etc. I identified expansion of rural electrification via grid, mini-grid and micro-grid, the use of solar home systems (SHSs) and solar appliances such as LED lanterns, energy efficiency, sustainable consumption, afforestation, environmental protection, REDD+, and green growth as measures to achieve energy access, NDC and hence SDGs in Cameroon rural households’ energy sub-sector.

Impact of GVC Participation and FDI on Economic Growth- Evidence from African Countries

KESONG MELVIN ENOW 강원대학교 대학원 2022 국내석사

The past decades have been characterized by the fight for economic growth achievement by many countries. Economic growth is the center of development which has made many countries to device mechanism to get a better if not best economic development for their countries. An increase in economic growth means a country economy is doing well in terms of production and consumption. However not every country in the world enjoy good economic growth as some are declining or stagnated or have very poor economic growth leading to poor economic development. Global value chain (GVC), foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic integration has been one of the main catalyst for economic development as both has help to increasing production and consumption across borders of the world. The African continent has been so unfortunate to tap from the grace of higher economic growth as the continent still remains the most poorest in the world despite its abundance of natural resources. In recent decade, African countries have dominated the global value chain participation with high regional integration so as to boost their various economy. This research uses a time series panel data of a time-series from 1990 to 2018 from both UNCTAD Eora-dataset and World Bank indicators database to determine the effects of global value chain, foreign direct investment and economic growth on African economy.

Critical Analysis of HIPC Initiative Contributions to Poverty Alleviation in Cameroon's Social Sector

Mbu Arrey Enow-Mangeb, John Ajou University 2010 국내석사

ABSTRACT The word “Poverty” is not new in our society. Poverty has long existed and today, it is more or less a normal situation and part of everyday life in many societies around the world. The challenges and problems caused by poverty abound. It remains one of the major global issues that need to be tackled. The UN estimates that more than 1.4 billion people around the world live in extreme poverty, most of whom have neither shelter nor food. The UNICEF estimates that about 25,000 children die every day of poverty and related issues. Most of the poor live in remote villages and communities and cannot afford, or lack access to, good health, clean water and nutrition. Many die of hunger and starvation. The UN as well as many other international agencies, NGOs and states have been active trying to help resolve issues of poverty around the world. Many aid and assistance programs have been adopted to help the Least Developed Countries tackle issues of poverty and related problems that affect their societies. Poverty remains an issue in Cameroon, like most Sub-Saharan countries. Despite efforts put in place to free the people from poverty, most communities, especially in remote villages and rural areas, are subjected to abject poverty situations. There is the need for government to reach out to most remote communities and villages with development initiatives in order to alleviate poverty and improve living conditions. The HIPC initiative brought about joy and relief to some communities in Cameroon. Thanks to the initiative, some major projects were carried out to boost economic activities and development in the country. In the social sector, the Health and Education sub-sectors achieved quite much thanks to the initiative. The government committed itself with major reforms and strategies that could help revitalized the sector and reduce poverty.