9.6 GHz and 34 GHz electron paramagnetic resonance studies of chromium-doped forsterite

Budil,David E.,Park, Dong Gon,Burlitch,James M.,Geray, Roland F.,Dieckmann, Rudiger,Freed,Jack H. 숙명여자대학교 자연과학연구소 1994 자연과학논문집 Vol.- No.5

Chromium-doped forsterite single crystals grown under conditions that produce a high Cr4+/Cr3+ ratio were examined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) at 9.6 and 34 GHz. The crystals were grown in 2-3 atm of oxygen by the floating-zone method starting from polycrystalline chromium-doped forsterite power synthesized via a sol-gel method. Three crystals with chromium concentrations of 110, 300, and 390 ppm were studied. At 34 GHz, transitions are observed for the laser-active tetrahedral Cr4+ species that are not observable at 9.6 GHz, which improve the resolution and accuracy with which the magnetic parameters can be measured by EPR. In addition, peaks for a non-Kramers species appear at 34 GHz that were not observed at 9.6 GHz. These peaks are not analyzed in detail, but are tentatively ascribed to Cr4+ in the octahedral substitution sites of the crystal. At the highest chromium concentration, the Cr3+ spectra show evidence of direct interaction with Cr4+. A global least-squares fit of the combined 9.6 and 34 GHz data for the 300 ppm crystal gives D=64.26 ±0.18 GHz, E=-4.619 ±0.009 GHz, gx=1.955 ±0.009, g3= 2.005±0.040, g2=1.965 ±0.006, and places the magnetic z axis in the ab plane at an angle of 43.8±0.3°from the b crystallographic axis (in Pbnm). A method for accurately measuring the Cr4+/Cr4+ ratio using EPR line intensities is given. The EPR linewidth of the Cr4+ center exhibits a strong orientation dependence that is well-modeled by including site variations in the D and E zero-field splittings and in the orientation of the z magnetic axis. The linewidth analysis reveals a high degree of correlation between the distributions in D and E, and a somewhat weaker correlation between E and the z axis orientation. These results are interpreted to suggest that the tetrahedral Cr4+ sites vary mainly in the degree of compression of the tetrahedral cage along the a crystallographic axis. The Cr4+ EPR linewidths increase significantly at higher chromium concentration, but maintain the same qualitative orientation dependence. The EPR data indicate that the major contribution to inhomogeneity in the tetrahedral site, which may be related to the tunable range of the Cr4+ laser center, is distortion induced by chromium substitution into the crystal lattice rather than direct chromium-chromium interactions.

9.6 GHz and 34 GHz electron paramagnetic resonance studies of chromium-doped forsterite

Budil,David E. Park, Dong Gon Burlitch,James M. Geray, Roland F. Dieckmann, Rudiger Freed,Jack H. 숙명여자대학교 자연과학연구소 1994 자연과학논문집 Vol.- No.5

Chromium-doped forsterite single crystals grown under conditions that produce a high Cr4+/Cr3+ ratio were examined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) at 9.6 and 34 GHz. The crystals were grown in 2-3 atm of oxygen by the floating-zone method starting from polycrystalline chromium-doped forsterite power synthesized via a sol-gel method. Three crystals with chromium concentrations of 110, 300, and 390 ppm were studied. At 34 GHz, transitions are observed for the laser-active tetrahedral Cr4+ species that are not observable at 9.6 GHz, which improve the resolution and accuracy with which the magnetic parameters can be measured by EPR. In addition, peaks for a non-Kramers species appear at 34 GHz that were not observed at 9.6 GHz. These peaks are not analyzed in detail, but are tentatively ascribed to Cr4+ in the octahedral substitution sites of the crystal. At the highest chromium concentration, the Cr3+ spectra show evidence of direct interaction with Cr4+. A global least-squares fit of the combined 9.6 and 34 GHz data for the 300 ppm crystal gives D=64.26 ±0.18 GHz, E=-4.619 ±0.009 GHz, gx=1.955 ±0.009, g3= 2.005±0.040, g2=1.965 ±0.006, and places the magnetic z axis in the ab plane at an angle of 43.8±0.3°from the b crystallographic axis (in Pbnm). A method for accurately measuring the Cr4+/Cr4+ ratio using EPR line intensities is given. The EPR linewidth of the Cr4+ center exhibits a strong orientation dependence that is well-modeled by including site variations in the D and E zero-field splittings and in the orientation of the z magnetic axis. The linewidth analysis reveals a high degree of correlation between the distributions in D and E, and a somewhat weaker correlation between E and the z axis orientation. These results are interpreted to suggest that the tetrahedral Cr4+ sites vary mainly in the degree of compression of the tetrahedral cage along the a crystallographic axis. The Cr4+ EPR linewidths increase significantly at higher chromium concentration, but maintain the same qualitative orientation dependence. The EPR data indicate that the major contribution to inhomogeneity in the tetrahedral site, which may be related to the tunable range of the Cr4+ laser center, is distortion induced by chromium substitution into the crystal lattice rather than direct chromium-chromium interactions.

SELECTING THE RIGHT PARTNERS FOR THE RIGHT REASONS: THE IMPORTANCE OF FIT IN INGREDIENT BRANDING STRATEGY IN LUXURY BRAND

Hakil Moon,David E. Sprott 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2015 Global Fashion Management Conference Vol.2015 No.06

In the advent a new market that didn’t exist a few years ago, the total sales in wearable devices could top $32.2 billion by 2019, up from $18.9 billion last year (Kharif 2015). The most anticipated new device is the Apple Smart Watch which has a function to detect pulse rate and send messages using voice commands (There is a gold version for $10,000). Further, Tag Heuer recently announces a partnership with Intel and Google to produce the world's first luxury Android Wear Smartwatch. Given that the high potential to do some research in this area (i.e., luxury brand alliances), little research examines luxury brand strategy and especially luxury ingredient branding (IB) strategy. This study explores the evaluations of and attitudes to the host luxury brand after IB alliances. An ingredient branding (IB), the incorporation of parent brand with another brand as ingredient (Desai and Keller 2002), allows two brands to have better market competitiveness (Simonin and Ruth 1998). The IB parent brand is the “host,” the main product, and the “ingredient,” a component that is integrated into the host. For example, Dell computer (the host) has a co-branding relationship with Intel as the ingredient (Intel, 2006). Both brands enjoy the benefits of the relationship that include mutual cooperation and knowledge sharing. The IB strategy has valuable benefits for both brands. For example, the host (i.e., Dell) may enjoy an enhanced market reputation, while the ingredient brand (i.e., Intel) may benefit by reducing the probability of entry by competitors. Further, Dell receives a preferential price from Intel, while Intel enjoys a stable and long-term customer. Current research on ingredient branding examines the determinants of IB success (Desai and Keller 2002) as well as the feedback effect on a parent brand subsequent to an IB alliances (Rodrigue and Biswas 2004). IB feedback effect involves changes in consumer attitudes toward the original parent brand resulting from the IB alliances. Extant research in this topic shows positive effects of IB strategy for the host (e.g., Balachander and Ghose 2003). However, some other research also shows that negative effects for the host caused by an IB alliances (e.g., Votolato and Unnava 2006). This equivocal findings suggest that there are some other conditions generating positive and negative effects of IB strategy for the host. Thus, the purpose of our study is to examine the conditions under which IB strategy influences negatively or positively to the host. We will focus uncovering this research gap on finding the conditions that influence positively or negatively to the host. Using ingredient brand strategy in luxury brand, we will examine how the fit of the host (Tag Heuer) and the ingredients (Google and Intel) influences the host’s brand attitude. We assume that the product fit (i.e., the host current product category: Tag Heuer watch vs the final product after IB alliances: Tag Heuer Android Wear Smartwatch) may positively influence the host’s brand attitude while the brand fit (i.e., luxury brand: Tag Heuer vs non-luxury brand: Google and Intel) may negatively influence the host’s brand attitude. Further, we will examine the role of Brand Engagement in Self-Concept (BESC) as a moderator in this relationship (Sprott, Czellar, and Spangenberg 2009).

Enhancement of Innate and Adaptive Immune Functions by Multiple Echinacea Species

Zili Zhai,Yi Liu,Lankun Wu,David S. Senchina,Eve S. Wurtele,Patricia A. Murphy,Marian L. Kohut,Joan E. Cunnick 한국식품영양과학회 2007 Journal of medicinal food Vol.10 No.3

Echinaceapreparations are commonly used as nonspecific immunomodulatory agents. Alcohol extracts fromthree widely used Echinaceaspecies, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, and Echinacea purpurea, were investigatedfor immunomodulating properties. The three Echinaceaspecies demonstrated a broad difference in concentrations of indi-vidual lipophilic amides and hydrophilic caffeic acid derivatives. Mice were gavaged once a day (for 7 days) with one of theEchinaceaextracts (130 mg/kg) or vehicle and immunized with sheep red blood cells (sRBC) 4 days prior to collection ofimmune cells for multiple immunological assays. The three herb extracts induced similar, but differential, changes in the per-centage of immune cell populations and their biological functions, including increased percentages of CD49. and CD19.lymphocytes in spleen and natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Antibody response to sRBC was significantly increased equally byextracts of all three Echinacea species. Concanavalin A-stimulated splenocytes from E. angustifolia- and E. pallida-treatedmice demonstrated significantly higher T cell proliferation. In addition, the Echinaceatreatment significantly altered the cy-tokine production by mitogen-stimulated splenic cells. The three herbal extracts significantly increased interferon-. produc-tion, but inhibited the release of tumor necrosis factor-. and interleukin (IL)-1.. Only E. angustifolia- and E. pallida-treatedmice demonstrated significantly higher production of IL-4 and increased IL-10 production. Taken together, these findingsdemonstrated that Echinaceais a wide-spectrum immunomodulator that modulates both innate and adaptive immune responses.In particular, E. angustifoliaor E. pallidamay have more anti-inflammatory potential.

e-Poster : High Lymphatic vessel density and Lymphatic invasion in the prognostic effect of melanoma (초)

( Sook Jung Yun ),( Phyllis Gimotty ),( Wei Ting Hwang ),( Peter Dawson ),( Patricia VanBelle ),( David E Elder ),( Rosalie Elenitsas ),( DuPont Guerry ),( Lynn Schuchter ),( Xiaowei Xu ) 대한피부과학회 2010 초록집 Vol.48 No.20

결혼과 이혼에 대한 그리스도인의 태도: 고린도전서 7장

데이비드 E. 갈랜드,이준호 한영신학대학교 출판부 2010 한영연구논문 Vol.2 No.-

G protein signaling in the parasite Entamoeba histolytica

Dustin E Bosch,David P Siderovski 생화학분자생물학회 2013 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.45 No.3

The parasite Entamoeba histolytica causes amebic colitis and systemic amebiasis. Among the known amebic factors contributing to pathogenesis are signaling pathways involving heterotrimeric and Ras superfamily G proteins. Here, we review the current knowledge of the roles of heterotrimeric G protein subunits, Ras, Rho and Rab GTPase families in E. histolytica pathogenesis, as well as of their downstream signaling effectors and nucleotide cycle regulators. Heterotrimeric G protein signaling likely modulates amebic motility and attachment to and killing of host cells, in part through activation of an RGS-RhoGEF (regulator of G protein signaling–Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor) effector. Rho family GTPases, as well as RhoGEFs and Rho effectors (formins and p21-activated kinases) regulate the dynamic actin cytoskeleton of E. histolytica and associated pathogenesis-related cellular processes, such as migration, invasion, phagocytosis and evasion of the host immune response by surface receptor capping. A remarkably large family of 91 Rab GTPases has multiple roles in a complex amebic vesicular trafficking system required for phagocytosis and pinocytosis and secretion of known virulence factors, such as amebapores and cysteine proteases. Although much remains to be discovered, recent studies of G protein signaling in E. histolytica have enhanced our understanding of parasitic pathogenesis and have also highlighted possible targets for pharmacological manipulation.

LOOKING THROUGH ROSE-COLORED GLASSES? THE IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL BRAND ATTACHMENT ON BRAND EXTENSION SUCCESS

Daniel Heinrich,David E. Sprott,Carmen-Maria Albrecht 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7

Brand extensions are a critical strategy for the introduction of new products, which are often prone to failure. The use of an established brand can help promote acceptance of the new product by reducing perceived risk, enhancing efficiencies in terms of distribution and promotion, and reducing overall costs associated with launching the new product. Previous research regarding brand extensions has shown that various factors influence success of brand extensions (e.g., marketing support and retailer acceptance). One of the most important factors driving brand extension success is the fit between a parent brand and its extension. A new marketing construct, emotional attachment to a brand, has recently been introduced to the brand extension literature. However, the role of consumers’ brand attachment, in terms of reactions to a brand extension has largely been ignored by researchers. The lack of research on brand extensions and brand attachment is somewhat surprising, given the considerable body of research findings that show consumers who are emotionally tied to a brand respond differently to that brand due to increased attachment. Building on this body of work, we propose that consumers who are emotionally attached to a brand will be less impacted by the degree of fit between the parent brand and its extension. In this research, we show that emotional attachment with a brand is an important factor underlying consumers’ responses to a brand extension. In particular, we explore the moderating role of brand attachment on consumers’ responses to extensions that vary in terms of fit with the parent brand. We also explore the process underlying observed effects. These issues are examined with an experiment regarding extensions for a real-world brand. Further, mediated moderation analyses indicate that the moderating effect of brand attachment is mediated by brand image fit, but not by product category fit. Implications of our findings for managers and researchers are also are provided.

Tailored Synthesis of Photoactive TiO₂ Nanofibers and Au/TiO₂ Nanofiber Composites: Structure and Reactivity Optimization for Water Treatment Applications

Nalbandian, Michael J.,Greenstein, Katherine E.,Shuai, Danmeng,Zhang, Miluo,Choa, Yong-Ho,Parkin, Gene F.,Myung, Nosang V.,Cwiertny, David M. American Chemical Society 2015 Environmental science & technology Vol.49 No.3

<P>Titanium dioxide (TiO<SUB>2</SUB>) nanofibers with tailored structure and composition were synthesized by electrospinning to optimize photocatalytic treatment efficiency. Nanofibers of controlled diameter (30–210 nm), crystal structure (anatase, rutile, mixed phases), and grain size (20–50 nm) were developed along with composite nanofibers with either surface-deposited or bulk-integrated Au nanoparticle cocatalysts. Their reactivity was then examined in batch suspensions toward model (phenol) and emerging (pharmaceuticals, personal care products) pollutants across various water qualities. Optimized TiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanofibers meet or exceed the performance of traditional nanoparticulate photocatalysts (e.g., Aeroxide P25) with the greatest reactivity enhancements arising from (i) decreasing diameter (i.e., increasing surface area), (ii) mixed phase composition [74/26 (±0.5) % anatase/rutile], and (iii) small amounts (1.5 wt %) of surface-deposited, more so than bulk-integrated, Au nanoparticles. Surface Au deposition consistently enhanced photoactivity by 5- to 10-fold across our micropollutant suite independent of their solution concentration, behavior that we attribute to higher photocatalytic efficiency from improved charge separation. However, the practical value of Au/TiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanofibers was limited by their greater degree of inhibition by solution-phase radical scavengers and higher rate of reactivity loss from surface fouling in nonidealized matrixes (e.g., partially treated surface water). Ultimately, unmodified TiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanofibers appear most promising for use as reactive filtration materials because their performance was less influenced by water quality, although future efforts must increase the strength of TiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanofiber mats to realize such applications.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/esthag/2015/esthag.2015.49.issue-3/es502963t/production/images/medium/es-2014-02963t_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/es502963t'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Salicylic acid-mediated innate immunity in Arabidopsis is regulated by SIZ1 SUMO E3 ligase

Lee, Jiyoung,Nam, Jaesung,Park, Hyeong Cheol,Na, Gunnam,Miura, Kenji,Jin, Jing Bo,Yoo, Chan Yul,Baek, Dongwon,Kim, Doh Hoon,Jeong, Jae Cheol,Kim, Donggiun,Lee, Sang Yeol,Salt, David E.,Mengiste, Tesfa Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2007 The Plant journal Vol.49 No.1

<P>Summary</P><P>Reversible modifications of target proteins by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins are involved in many cellular processes in yeast and animals. Yet little is known about the function of sumoylation in plants. Here, we show that the <I>SIZ1</I> gene, which encodes an Arabidopsis SUMO E3 ligase, regulates innate immunity. Mutant <I>siz1</I> plants exhibit constitutive systemic-acquired resistance (SAR) characterized by elevated accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), increased expression of pathogenesis-related (<I>PR</I>) genes, and increased resistance to the bacterial pathogen <I>Pseudomonas syringae</I> pv. <I>tomato</I> (<I>Pst</I>) DC3000. Transfer of the <I>NahG</I> gene to <I>siz1</I> plants results in reversal of these phenotypes back to wild-type. Analyses of the double mutants, <I>npr1 siz1</I>, <I>pad4 siz1</I> and <I>ndr1 siz1</I> revealed that <I>SIZ1</I> controls SA signalling. <I>SIZ1</I> interacts epistatically with <I>PAD4</I> to regulate PR expression and disease resistance. Consistent with these observations, <I>siz1</I> plants exhibited enhanced resistance to <I>Pst</I> DC3000 expressing <I>avrRps4</I>, a bacterial avirulence determinant that responds to the <I>EDS1/PAD4</I>-dependent TIR-NBS-type <I>R</I> gene. In contrast, <I>siz1</I> plants were not resistant to <I>Pst</I> DC3000 expressing <I>avrRpm1</I>, a bacterial avirulence determinant that responds to the NDR1-dependent CC-NBS-type <I>R</I> gene. Jasmonic acid (JA)-induced <I>PDF1.2</I> expression and susceptibility to <I>Botrytis cinerea</I> were unaltered in <I>siz1</I> plants. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SIZ1 is required for SA and PAD4-mediated <I>R</I> gene signalling, which in turn confers innate immunity in Arabidopsis.</P>