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Strategies of Graphing Ideas in Shang Oracle Bone Scripts
Dalu Da WEIH 세계한자학회 2023 世界漢字硏究 Vol.6 No.2
Similar to Sumerian proto-cuneiform writing, the nature of Chinese writing is fundamentally ideographic, in which concepts or thoughts are represented visually rather than through abstract speech sounds. This paper explores ten ways to form Chinese characters by using the decoded characters through their ideograms. A character comes from thoughts, the thoughts come from images, and the images themselves come from the object or the event depicted. Therefore, the same character can be used in different dialects or languages to depict the same concepts. Only when there are enough ideograms to create their graphs for phonography can we develop phonography. During the first stage of hundreds of years, most Sumerian clay characters were pictograms and ideograms. The majority of the phono-semantic compounds appeared in the second stage when the foreign Akkadians used Sumerian characters. Just as the majority of Shang bone characters were pictograms and ideograms, most phono-semantic compound characters were modified and created by the foreign Zhou people later. At present, western theories have not followed the traditional path to the meaning of thought. The ten strategies of ideographic writing are the conventional path to the meaning of thought, rather than a bridge between language.
Photoacoustic Tomography System for Roughly Painted Micro Objects
Andreas Setiawan,Fransiscus Dalu Setiaji,Gunawan Dewantoro,Nur Aji Wibowo 한국전자파학회JEES 2019 Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science Vol.19 No.3
Subsurface imaging is challenging; it is difficult to detect objects visually. In this research, a novel non-contact photoacoustic (PA) imaging system was developed to detect subsurface objects. The Rosencwaig-Gersho (RG) model was successfully employed to capture microobject images covered by rough paint. The experiments were conducted using a copper ring with a 1-mm diameter fully coated by rough paint with an average thickness of 2.3 μm. The resulting PA images exhibited up to 72% consistency despite the rough paint; the shapes of the objects were clearly recognized before and after coating. To conduct the experiment, simulations and image acquisitions were arranged. Then, the system capability to produce tomographic images was improved by adjusting the thermal diffusion lengths, and subsurface object images were successfully acquired at depths of 2.0, 2.6, 9.8, and 52 μm. The detailed composition of image slices displayed the structure profile of subsurface objects appropriately.
PRABHAKARA,C.,ARKING,ALBERT,YOO,JUNG-MOON,DALU,G.,CADEDDU,MARIA 이화여자대학교 환경문제연구소 1997 이화환경연구 Vol.1 No.-
Observations in channel 1(Ch.1, 50.3GHz) and channel 2(Ch.2, 53.74GHz) of the Microwave Sounding Unit(MSU) over the convective areas of tropical oceans are analysed to reveal the nature of extinction (contamination) in these data. From this analysis we find Ch.2 data are not free from the influence of clouds and rain. Extinction due to clouds and rain manifests primarily as emission in Ch.1, and as absorption in Ch.2. Scattering due to hydrometeors in these channels apparently is of secondary importance. Furthermore we show, in the convective areas of tropical oceans, contamination due to hydrometeors in MSU Ch.2 data is significant and it is extensive in area. Based on this study we conclude Spencer, Christy, and Grody(this issue) underestimate this contamination.
Global warming deduced from MSU
Iacovazzi,R,Yoo,J-M,Prabhakara,C,Dalu,G 이화여자대학교 환경문제연구소 1998 이화환경연구 Vol.2 No.-
Microwave Sounding Unit(MSU) radiometer abservations in Channel 2(53.74GHz) male from sequential, sun-synchronous, polar-orbiting NOAA operational satellites have been used to derive global temperature trend for the period 1980 to 1996. Christy et al. (1998) emphasize that they find a tropospheric cooling trend (-0.046 K decade()) from 1979 to 1997 with these MSU data, although their analysis of near radir measurements yields a near zero trend (0.003K decade()). Using an independent method to analyze the MSU Ch2 nadir data separately over global ocean and land, we infer that the temperature trends over both these regions are about 0.11K decade(), during the period 1980 to 1996. This result is in better agreement with trend analyses based on conventional surface data.
PRABHAKARA,C.,NUCCIARONE,J.J.,CADEDDU,MARIA,ARKING,ALBERT,YOO,JUNG-MOON,DALU,G.,MALONEY,STEVEN P. 이화여자대학교 환경문제연구소 1997 이화환경연구 Vol.1 No.-
Using Microwave Sounding Unit(MSU) channel 2 (ch.2, 53.74GHz) data, Spencer and Christy (1992a) determined that the earth exhibits no temperature trend in the period 1979-90, while other author find a temperature increase of roughly 0.1 K. Based on a theoretical analysis Prabhakara et al.(1995) showed that the information about the global atmospheric temperature deduced from MSU Ch2 observations has a small contamination, δT₂as a result of the attenuation due to hydrometeors in the atmosphere. A method is developed in this study, that utilized coincident measurements made by MSU in Ch1(50.3GHz), to estimate this δT₂over the global oceans. The magnitude ofδT₂is found to be about 1K over significant parts of the tropical oceanic rain belts and about 0.25K over minor portions of the mid-latitude oceanic storm tracks. Due to events such as ElNioo, there is variability from year to year in the rain areas and rain intensity leading to significant change in the patterns of δT₂. The patterns of δT₂derived for March 82 and March 83 reveal such a change. When averaged over the global oceans, from 50˚N to 50˚S, δT₂has a value of 0.25 and 0.29K for March 1982 and 1983, respectively. Due to these reasons the interannual temperature change derived by Spencer and Christy from MSU Ch.2 will contain a residual hydrometeor effect. Thus in evaluating decadal trend of the global mean temperature of the order of 0.1 K form MSU Ch2. data one has to take into account completely the contamination due to hydrometeors.