Green Tea Polyphenols Improve Bone Microarchitecture in High-Fat-Diet–Induced Obese Female Rats Through Suppressing Bone Formation and Erosion

Chwan-Li Shen,Ming-Chien Chyu,Jay J. Cao,James K. Yeh 한국식품영양과학회 2013 Journal of medicinal food Vol.16 No.5

This study evaluates the effects of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) on bone microarchitecture in high-fat-diet (HFD)–induced obese female rats. Thirty-six 3-month-old female rats were fed either a control diet or a HFD for 4 months. Animals in the control group continued on the control diet for another 4 months. Animals in the HFD group were divided into two groups, with 0.5 g/100 mL GTP (the HFD+GTP group) or without GTP (the HFD group) in drinking water, in addition to the HFD for another 4 months. Compared to the control group, the HFD group increased bone formation and erosion rates at the tibia, decreased trabecular volume and thickness, but had no impact on bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular number (Tb.N), and separation. Compared to the control group, the HFD+GTP group demonstrates a greater Tb.N at the proximal tibia, and a greater trabecular thickness at the femur and the lumbar vertebrae, but a smaller trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) and mineralizing surface at the proximal tibia, and a reduced endocortical mineral apposition rate (MAR) at the tibia shaft. Relative to the HFD group, the HFD+GTP group demonstrates (1) a higher BMD at the femur, a greater trabecular volume, thickness, and number at the proximal tibia, a larger cortical area and thickness at the tibial shaft, and a greater trabecular volume and thickness at the femur and the lumbar vertebrae, (2) a smaller Tb.Sp, MAR, bone formation rate, and eroded surface at the tibia. We concluded that GTP supplementation in drinking water improves bone microarchitecture in the HFD-induced obese female rats, possibly through suppressing bone turnover, resulting in a larger net bone volume.

Green Tea Polyphenols and 1-a-OH-Vitamin D3 Attenuate Chronic Inflammation-Induced Myocardial Fibrosis in Female Rats

Chwan-Li Shen,Christina Samathanam,Suzanne Graham,Raul Y. Dagda,Ming-Chien Chyu,Dale M. Dunn 한국식품영양과학회 2012 Journal of medicinal food Vol.15 No.3

Studies have suggested that 1-a-OH-vitamin D3 and green tea polyphenols (GTPs) are promising dietary supplements for mitigating chronic inflammation-induced fibrosis of vessels because of their anti-inflammatory properties. This study evaluated (1) the impact of 1-a-OH-vitamin D3 on myocardial fibrosis in female rats with chronic inflammation and (2) if 1-a-OH-vitamin D3 and GTPs have an additive or synergistic effect to attenuate myocardial fibrosis in these female rats. A 3-month study of a 2 (no 1-a-OH-vitamin D3 vs. 0.05 lg/kg 1-a-OH-vitamin D3, five times per week) · 2 (no GTPs vs. 0.5% GTPs in drinking water) factorial design in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-administered female rats was performed. Additionally, a group receiving placebo administration was used to compare with a group receiving LPS administration only to evaluate the effect of LPS. Masson’s Trichrome staining evaluated myocardial fibrosis in coronary vessels and surrounding myocardium. Spleen cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Total lipid profiles were also determined. Whole blood was used for differential cell counts. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance followed by mean separation procedures. At 3 months LPS administration induced myocardial fibrosis in vessels and surrounding myocardium, spleen cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression, and elevated leukocyte counts, whereas both 1-a-OHvitamin D3 administration and GTPs supplementation significantly attenuated these pro-inflammatory events. The inhibitory effects of 1-a-OH-vitamin D3 and GTPs seem to be an individual effect, instead of an additive or synergistic effect. 1-a-OHvitamin D3 and GTPs lowered red blood cell counts, hematocrit, and hemoglobin. Neither 1-a-OH-vitamin D3 nor GTPs affected lipid profiles. In summary, both 1-a-OH-vitamin D3 administration and GTPs supplementation mitigate myocardial fibrosis through suppression of a chronic inflammation innate immune response.

Effect of Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid on Inflammation Mediators During Osteoblastogenesis

Chwan-Li Shen,Jodie Peterson,Owatha L. Tatum,Dale M. Dunn 한국식품영양과학회 2008 Journal of medicinal food Vol.11 No.1

This study examined the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) on inflammation mediators during osteoblastogenesis, in terms of modulation of the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and the inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) pathways. We hypothesized that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) would reduce the production of inflammation mediators, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and NO, and related mRNA gene expression during osteoblastogenesis. Mouse bone marrow stromal cells (ST-2) were treated with 40 M ethanol (as a control), 40 M AA, or 40 M EPA in osteogenic medium for 7, 14, 21, or 28 days. Prior to harvest, cells were treated with respective treatments along with cytokine mixtures for an additional 24 hours, and then cells were harvested for mRNA expression. In addition, cells were also treated with respective treatments along with the same cytokine mixtures for an additional 48 hours for experiment measuring PGE2 and NO production using conditioned culture medium and protein expression using cells. Except for 7 days of culture, AA treatment resulted in the highest value for PGE2 production throughout 28 days of culture. AA treatment also enhanced COX-2 mRNA expression up to 21 days. AA treatment resulted in a higher value for NO production after 7 days, while EPA treatment yielded a higher value for NO production relative to those receiving AA treatment after 14 and 21 days. Our investigation has corroborated that the protective action of EPA on osteoblastogensis was mediated by the modulation of PGE2 and the NO pathway.

Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) on Decreasing the Production of Inflammatory Mediators in Sow Osteoarthrotic Cartilage Explants

Sung Woo Kim,Chwan-Li Shen,Kee-Jong Hong 한국식품영양과학회 2003 Journal of medicinal food Vol.6 No.4

The herbal remedy Zingiber officinale(ginger root) has been used for perhaps thousands of years in the FarEast to treat inflammatory diseases, including osteoarthritis. However, the anti-arthritic effect of ginger root has never beenevaluated on osteoarthrotic cartilage of sow. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ginger root extract(GRE) on the viability and the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE2) by sow osteoarthrotic cartilageexplants. The cartilage explants (, 20 mg/96-well plate) were grown in Ham’ s F-12/Dulbecco’ s Modified Eagle’ s Mediumsupplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics for 72 hours and depleted for 24 hours. GRE was then added atdifferent concentrations (0 2,000 mg/mL), and the explants were allowed to grow for 24 hours. The cell viability was reduced(P, .05) with GRE $ 500 mg/mL, whereas it was not affected with GRE , 100 mg/mL. In a follow-up experiment, the su-pernatants of cartilage explants with GRE (0 50 mg/mL) in the presence of interleukin-1b (2 ng/mL), tumor necrosis fac-tor-a (1 ng/mL), and lipopolysaccharides (10 mg/mL) were used to measure NO and PGE 2 production. Increasing GRE con-centration (1 100 mg/mL) reduced (P, .05) NO production by cartilage tissue explants, and a similar pattern was observedin the production of PGE 2. The inhibitory effects of GRE on NO and PGE 2 production by sow osteoarthrotic cartilage ex-plants observed in this study suggest an important role for GRE as an anti-arthritic agent in osteoarthrosis in the sow.

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Obesity Properties of Food Bioactive Components

Shasika Jayarathne,Iurii Koboziev,Oak-Hee Park,Wilna Oldewage-Theron,Chwan-Li Shen,Naima Moustaid-Moussa 한국식품영양과학회 2017 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.22 No.4

Obesity is an epidemic and costly disease affecting 13% of the adult population worldwide. Obesity is associated with adipose tissue hypertrophy and hyperplasia, as well as pathologic endocrine alterations of adipose tissue including local and chronic systemic low-grade inflammation. Moreover, this inflammation is a risk factor for both metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance. Basic and clinical studies demonstrate that foods containing bioactive compounds are capable of preventing both obesity and adipose tissue inflammation, improving obesity-associated MetS in human subjects and animal models of obesity. In this review, we discuss the anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory protective effects of some bioactive polyphenols of plant origin and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, available for the customers worldwide from commonly used foods and/or as components of commercial food supplements. We review how these bioactive compounds modulate cell signaling including through the nuclear factor-κB, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, toll-like receptors, and G-protein coupled receptor 120 intracellular signaling pathways and improve the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators secreted by adipose tissue and subsequently lower systemic inflammation and risk for metabolic diseases.