壯勇營의 漢城府內 立地와 營舍의 建築的 특성 : 『本營圖形』의 분석을 중심으로

정정남(Chung Jung-nam) 한국학중앙연구원 2009 장서각 Vol.0 No.21

본고는 세 종류의 『本營圖形』의 분석을 통하여 장용영의 본영을 군제사적인 측면에서 뿐만 아니라, 도시 및 건축사적으로 연구하려고 한 것이다. 현재까지 알려진 『本營圖形』은 1799년에 제작된 것 2매와 1801년에 제작된 1매로 모두 세 종류이다. 1799년에 제작된 두 종류의 『本營圖形』 중 하나는 채색도이고 다른 하나는 도면 형식으로 그려진 것으로 채색도는 장서각에 소장되어 있고, 도면형식의 것은 고려대학교 박물관에 소장되어 있다. 1801년에 그려진 것은 장서각에 소장되어 있으며, 도면형식이다. 세 종류의 『本營圖形』에는 장용영의 위치와 공간구성 및 건축적 형태를 자세하게 알 수 있도록 표현되어 있다. 이를 도시 및 건축적 시각으로 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 『本營圖形』은 이현대로 변, 구 이현궁에 첨건한 장용영 營舍의 전반적인 상황을표현하고, 계속적인 확장의 규모를 기록하여 正祖에게 보고하고자 작성된 것이라 볼 수 있다. 1801년 최대로 확장된 장용영 營舍의 구성은 상급 官職者의 공간, 군사 실무를 담당하는 將校들의 공간, 군기를 제작하는 匠人과 員役者들의 공간, 각종 軍器와 軍需 · 軍餉을 보관하는 곳간, 上番하고 있는 鄕軍들의 入接處로 이루어져 있으며, 이들은 位階와 상호 연계관계를 바탕으로 유기적인 배치를 하고 있다. 장용영 영사의 확장은, 주로 庫間의 규모를 키워가며 이루어졌는데, 이는 장용영 재정운영의 실태를 시각적으로 확인할 수 있는 부분이라 하겠다. 또 화강석과 벽돌을 적절히 섞어가며 만들어낸 庫間의 건축구조를 통해서는 화성성역의 과정을 통해 축적된 18세기 말의 건축재료에 대한 탐구와 기술력을 볼 수 있다. 장용영의 규모를 늘려가는 기간 동안 장용영속민호들을 이현대로 주변에 이주하여 살게하고, 壯勇營左契와 右契로 나누어 효율적으로 관리하려고 했던 점을 통해 당시 도시 행정운영의 일면을 확인할 수 있다. This study is to investigate into not only political and a military system but also urban and architectural viewpoint Jangyongyeong(壯勇營) from analysis concerning three kinds of Bonyeong-dohyung(本營圖形). Bonyeong-dohyung is three kinds. Among them, two kinds were made in the year 1799 and the other one was made in the year 1801. In the two kinds of 1799, one is a colored picture and the other is a drawing. The Painting style one is possessed in Jangseogak and the drawing is possessed in the museum of Korea-University. The another one in the year 1801 is drawing style and possessed in Jangseogak. This Bonyeong-dohyung is drawings to express extensional process on the military camp of Jangyongyeong in the king of Jeongjo(正祖). Jangyongyeong was the Royal guards which was established by Jeongjo's ambitious. The camp of Janyongyeong was built eastern side of Ihyun-street(梨峴大路) and the area had been a site for the Ihyun royal villa. The results of this study on Bonyeong-dohung are as follows; Bonyeong-dohyung can be said of the report which was painted on the overall situation on the camp of Janyongyeong and extension of a building continuously for King -Jeongjo. In the year of 1801, the consist of the Jangyong-military camp as follows; the space of senior officers, working space for the military officers, the space of techinician to produce weapons and people to slave labor, warehouse to keep weapons and rice, local solder's quarters. These are placed on the hierarchy and organic relationship with another. The buildings of Janyong-militay camp had been expanded warehouse mainly, due to the financial expansion. Most of this warehouse was wooden structure but their wall was made in brick and granite. The architectural form of brick and granite warehouse created with the research and technology for construction materials in the end of the 18th century. While expanding the camp, solders and people to slave labor belonging to Janyonyeong had to live in the sides of Ihyun-street. They were devided into Janyong-left-gea(壯勇營左契) and right-gea(右契), managed efficiently. Through this can be confirmed a part of city administration in the end of the 18th century.

18세기 이후 조선사회의 온돌에 대한 인식변화와 난방효율 증대를 위한 건축적 모색

정정남,Chung, Jung-Nam 한국건축역사학회 2018 건축역사연구 Vol.27 No.3

As a result of reviewing various documents and existing researches, since the late Goryeo period, the most active period in the Ondol(溫突, Korean floor heating system) facilities is the 17th century. The phenomenological reason was recovering the buildings destroyed by the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592(壬辰倭亂) & the Manchu War of 1636(丙子胡亂), but the underlying cause was an abnormal climate in which a pair of summer and winter cold continued. In the 17th century, as the Ondol facilities grew rapidly without distinction between regions and classes, the supply and demand of fuel caused economic and natural environmental problems. And a negative and positive view on Ondol was suggested. Since the middle of the 18th century, when the demand and supply of Ondol reached its peak, which could no longer increase, a new awareness of Ondol began to grow. The room was called the Panbang(板房) and the Ondol, depending on the material that made up the floor. It was considered natural to have the Ondol from this time on. The Incan(因間) and Jo(竈) that were made to burn were started to be recorded as a kitchen, regardless of size and function. Changes in social awareness of Ondol have led to concerns about heating efficiency. A variety of architectural explorations were conducted. Such a search was later realized in concrete architectural form. There is a double Ondoll structure, and the column spacing is reduced compared to the previous one. The heat buffer space is formed around the Ondol room, and the double window can control the light and the air going in and out.

임진왜란(壬辰倭亂) 이후 남별궁(南別宮)의 공해적(公?的) 역할과 그 공간 활용) - 장서각 소장 "소공동홍고양가도형"."사대부가배치도형"의 분석을 통하여 -

정정남,Chung, Jung-Nam 한국건축역사학회 2009 건축역사연구 Vol.18 No.4

No.87 Sogong-dong where is the Chosun hotel stand. There was the Nambeol-gung(south ern royal villa) which had been a reception hall for enboys of the toadied country before Hwangudan?丘壇 being set up in the year 1897. The site of the Nambeol-gung was Gyeongjeong慶貞 princess's a lot for house in the early 15th century. But after princess's death, it occurred property dispute between her son and four daughters. As a result of the dispute, a lot and a house of all the princess's properties reverted to the government. At reverted this lot was established a big royal villa in the year 1583 and that royal villa was granted to Uian prince. The villa reverted to the government again when the Uian義安 prince was dead in 12 years old by an epidemic. After the Imjin Invasion壬辰倭亂, another houses and buildings got to be role as a palace because of all the palace in the capital was burnt down to ashes. Among others Nambeol-gung was brought into play as the royal audience chamber. As well as, the villa became brought out role as a reception hall for enboys of the toadied country instead of a damaged reception hall the Taepyong-gwan太平館. In period when the envoy didn't come, the Nambeol-gung was used to extraordinary office of government like Dogam都監. This situation is to mean that the Nambeol-gung is not the royal villa any more. Because of the Nambeol-gung was built as a royal villa, that spaces were composited like space of house and palace. But this spatial composition and spatial name were not fit to hold a ceremony of government office. After all, Nambeol-gung was used change only the spatial name conform to ceremony of office keep up the spatial composition.

한성부(漢城府)의 '통호번도(統戶番圖)' 제작과정을 통해 본 대한제국기(大韓帝國期) 관광방(觀光坊) 대형필지의 변화양상

정정남,Chung, Jung-Nam 한국건축역사학회 2011 건축역사연구 Vol.20 No.1

This paper deals with a fundamental study for '$Tonhobeondo$統戶番圖-making' of Hanseongbu(modern Seoul) before the Japanese colonial period. '$Tonhobeondo$統戶番圖-making' will be accomplished through analysis on Kwangmu-census光武戶籍 as a map of address-system in the Joseon period. It is possible to consider the urban changes of Hanseongbu(modern Seoul) because of '$Tonhobeondo$統戶番圖' reflects a urban situation from the 1897 to 1906. At present, an address-system of Korea was made by the cadastral survey in the 1914. By the way, new address-system was a completely different from traditional address-system of Joseon period. Consequently, different two address-system caused a lot of difficulties the study on the urban changes. For such a reason '$Tonhobeondo$統戶番圖-making' is very important. If '$Tonhobeondo$統戶番圖-making' would be accomplished, it will be used by a field of urban, architectural and historical science study besides.

인사동 194번지의 도시적(都市的) 변화(變化)와 18세기 한성부(漢城府) 구윤옥(具允鈺) 가옥(家屋)에 관한 연구 -장서각 소장 이문내(里門內) 구윤옥가도형(具允鈺家圖形)의 분석을 중심으로-

정정남,Chung, Jung-Nam 한국건축역사학회 2008 건축역사연구 Vol.17 No.3

Seoul has been watched at its symbolic image which is the capital of one nation. since then Joseon was established. So, most of study about Seoul placed too much emphasis on like next; urban organization, palace, government office and public establishment. On the other hand, it is lacking in study of the individual building, the residential district, the change of building-lot. This study is to make up a deficiency from study of Gaokdohyung(家屋圖形site and floor plan). Gaokdohyung(家屋圖形) is drawings of building lots & houses existed in Hanseongbu漢城府(modem Seoul). It is possessed in Jangseogak and all 24 sheets. It is merely 24sheets but has many urban information in that. Housing of number 116 expressed in Gaokdohyung are consist on the house of Sadaebu士天王(noble class) Joongin中人(middle class) Sangmin常民(commoner), Villa(Byeolseo別墅) and connecting stores etc. Houses in Gaokdohyung has characteristic that most building lot is very specious and owners are variety of social position. The study of Gaokdohyung will progress through analyzing diachronic change of individual building lot & house. In the event, results of this study will help to find out change of urban tissue & architecture. So, i intend to seek for entity of urban tissue and urban house in Joseon Period differ from now, and to study out those have been changed continuously forward now.

TAR cloning 법에 의한 인간 및 마우스의 상동성 HPRT 유전자의 분리

도은주,김재우,정정남,박인호,임선희,Do, Eun-Ju,Kim, Jae-Woo,Chung, Chung-Nam,Park, In-Ho,Leem, Sun-Hee 한국생명과학회 2006 생명과학회지 Vol.16 No.6

TAR (Transformation-Associated Recombination) cloning법은 복잡한 고등생물의 게놈으로부터 유전자나 특정 염색체 부위를 선별적 분리를 가능하게 한다. 이 방법은 목적으로 하는 염색체 부위의 주변에 존재하는 비교적 짧은 게놈 염기서열에 대한 정보를 필요로 한다. 이 기술은 출아효모의 spheroplasts 형질전환 동안 목적 유전자를 포함한 게놈 DNA와 그 유전자의 5' 또는 3' 말단 서열 (hook)을 포함하고 있는 TAR vector 사이에 일어나는 상동성 재조합에 의해 이루어진다. 본 연구에서는 TAR cloning 법을 상동성 유전자의 분리에 사용할 수 있는가를 조사하기 위해, 연간과 마우스 게놈의 HPRT 유전자를 선택하였다. 그 결과, 인간과 마우스의 게놈으로부터의 HPRT 유전자의 분리 빈도는 TAR vector로서 hHPRT hook 혹은 mHPRT hook을 사용한 경우에 거의 동일하게 나타났다. 또한 mHPRT 유전자의 gap 부분의 염기서열을 결정하여, 이 부분에 염기서열의 불안정의 요인이 되는 비정상적 특성을 발견하였다. 결론적으로 TAR cloning법을 이용하여 다른 이종 간의 게놈으로부터 상동성 유전자 즉 orthologue의 분리가 가능하였다. 더욱이 TAR cloning 시스템을 이용하여 고등동물 게놈 상에 남아있는 gap 부분을 메움으로서 고등동물의 모든 유전자들의 확인이 가속화될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. The transformation-associated recombination (TAR) cloning technique allows selective isolation of chromosome regions or genes from complex genome. The procedure requires knowledge of relatively small genomic sequences that reside adjacent to the chromosome region of interest. This method involves homologous recombination during spheroplast transformation between genomic DNA and a TAR vector that has 5' and 3' gene targeting sequences (hooks). To examine whether TAR cloning can be applied to the isolation of gene homologues, we chose the HPRT genes from human and mouse genome. As results, the yield of positive clones for HPRT gene from human and mouse genome when using a TAR vector containing mHPRT hook or hHPRT hook was almost same level. Analysis of the gap regions in mHPRT revealed that they contain abnormalities that could result in instability of the sequences. In conclusion, we were able to use the TAR cloning technology to isolate gene homologue (orthologue) from nonidentical genome. Moreover, the use of the TAR cloning system may accelerate work on closing the remaining gaps in mammalian genome to achieve the goal of annotation of all mammalian genes.

Deletion Polymorphism of UGT2B17 and Its Relation to Lung Cancer

Se-Ra Lee(이세라),Myoung Hyun Ahn(안명현),So-Young Seol(설소영),Ji-Sun Lee(이지선),Chung-Nam Chung(정정남),Sun-Hee Leem(임선희) 한국생명과학회 2010 생명과학회지 Vol.20 No.5

Glucuronidation은 NNAL [4-(methylnitrosamno)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol]의 주요 pathway이며, UGT2B의 family인 UGT2B17 (UGT, uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase) 유전자는 발암원의 glucuronidation에 관여한다. UGT2B17 결손은 NNAL의 감소 수준과 특정 암에 있어 위험도를 증가시킨다. UGT2B17 유전자의 copy 수는 사람에서 개인별로 0∼2로 다양하다. 본 연구에서는 UGT2B17 결손이 폐암의 위험도와 연관성을 가지는 가를 알아보기 위해 한국인인 271명의 대조군과 176명의 폐암환자의 샘플로 PCR 방법으로 CNV를 조사하였다. 그 결과, 현재까지 보고된 백인과 흑인에 비해 한국인에서 결실 대립형질이 현저히 높게 나타났다. 백인에서 유전자 두 개 모두가 결실된 0 copy 수가 약 10%를 나타낸 것에 비해, 본 연구의 한국인에서는 0 copy 수가 약 74%를 나타내었다. 더욱이 양 쪽 결실이 여성그룹에서 전반적으로 남성그룹에 비해 높게 나타났다. 그러나 UGT2B17 유전자가 CNV와 폐암과의 연관성은 찾을 수 없었다. 이러한 결과는 UGT2B17 유전자의 결실이 폐암의 감수성과는 연관되어 있지 않으나, UGT2B17 CNV 다형성이 인종간의 진화적 분석의 유용한 마커로 사용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다. Glucuronidation is a major pathway for NNAL [4-(methylnitrosamno)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol] and UGT2B17 (UGT, uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase) is from the UGT2B family that glucuronidates carcinogens. UGT2B17 deletion was associated with decreased levels of NNAL and with increased risk of some cancers. The UGT2B17 gene varies in copy number from zero to two per individual in humans. To examine whether UGT2B17 gene deletion is associated with the risk of lung cancer, we investigated copy number variants (CNV) in 271 cancer-free controls and 176 cases of lung cancer in Koreans by a PCR-based method. The frequency of the UGT2B17 deleted alleles was much higher than in other Caucasian and African-American groups which have already been reported. While only up to 10% of Caucasians have zero copies of the gene, up to 74% of Koreans in this study showed that both copies of the gene were deleted. Furthermore, the overall frequency of this dual deletion in female groups was higher than in male groups. However, there was no association between CNV in UGT2B17 and lung cancer. This result suggested that the UGT2B17 deletion allele was not associated with the susceptibility of lung cancers in the Korean group. However, this UGT2B17 CNV polymorphism may be a useful marker for evolutionary analysis among races.

SLC6A18 유전자의 minisatellites 5 (SLC6A18-MS5)의 고혈압과의 관련성 및 진화적 의미

허창환(Chang-Hwan Heo),이상엽(Sang-Yeop Lee),설소영(So-Young Seol),권정아(Jeong-Ah Kwon),정윤희(Yun Hee Jeong),정정남(Chung-Nam Chung),선우양일(Yangil Sunwoo) 한국생명과학회 2008 생명과학회지 Vol.18 No.12

SLC6A18은 neurotransmitter로서 고혈압과 연관성이 보고 되었고, 유전자 내에 총 8개의 minisatellites가 존재함이 밝혀졌다. 본 연구에서 8개 minisatellites 중 가장 높은 heterozygosity를 나타내는 SLC6A18-MS5 영역에 대하여 생물정보학적 방법으로 Transfac software를 이용하여 transcription factor binding site를 분석한 결과, Pax4와 HNF4의 binding site를 발견하였다. HNF4는 당뇨병 대사에 관여하는 것으로 고혈압과의 연관성이 있을 것으로 사료된다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 SLC6A18-MS5 영역과 고혈압과의 연관성을 조사하기 위하여, 대조군 301명과 고혈압 환자군 184명의 genomic DNA를 이용하여 대립형질의 패턴을 조사하였다. SLC6A18-MS5의 대립형질 분포와 고혈압은 직접적인 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 높은 heterozygosity를 나타내는 SLC6A18-MS5에 친자확인 및 DNA typing 마커로서의 유용성을 알아보기 위해 20가족의 샘플을 이용하여, 감수분열 후 자손에의 분리 형태를 조사한 결과 부모에게서 자손으로 정확히 전달되는 멘델의 법칙에 의해 분리됨을 확인하였다. 또한 SLC6A18 유전자 내의 minisatellites들의 진화적 관계를 조사한 결과, 인간과 원숭이에서만 보존적으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 intron영역의 minisatellites 분석이 영장류의 비암호화 영역의 중요한 진화 마커로 사용될 수 있음을 나타내어, 영장류 특이적 진화를 이해하는데 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다. In this study, SLC6A18-MS5 sequence which showed the highest heterozygosity among seven minisatellites was analyzed using the Transfac software, the putative binding sites for the transcription factor Pax4 and HNF4 were discovered as a result. The HNF4 is involved in the diabetes pathway and suggested the relationship to hypertension. Thus, we investigated the putative functional significance of allelic variation in this minisatellites with respect to susceptibility for hypertension. To address this possibility, we analyzed genomic DNA from the blood of 301 hypertension-free controls and 184 cases with hypertension. A statistically significant association was not identified between the allelic distribution of SLC6A18-MS5 and occurrence of hypertension. We then examined the meiotic segregation of SLC6A18-MS5 and it was transmitted following Mendelian inheritance. Therefore, this locus could be useful markers for paternity mapping and DNA fingerprinting. Moreover, we undertook a comprehensive analysis of the genomic sequence to address the evolutionary events of these variable repeats. SLC6A18 minisatellites regions are only conserved in human and primates. This result suggestedthat intronic minisatellites analysis is powerful evolution marker for the non-coding regions in primates and can provide a great insight to the molecular evolution of repeated region in primates.

Site-directed mutagenesis study on DNA binding regions of the Mouse homologue of Suppressor of Hairless, RBP-Jχ

Chung,Chung-Nam,Hamaguchi,Yasushi,Honjo,Tasuku,Kawaichi,Masashi 東亞大學校附設遺傳工學硏究所 1995 遺傳工學硏究 Vol.- No.2

To map regions important for DNA binding of the mouse homologue of Suppressor of Hairless or RBP-Jχprotein, mutated mouse RBP-Jχ cDNAs were made by insertion of oligonucleotide linkers or base replacement. DNA binding assays using the mutated proteins expressed in COS cells showed that various mutations between 218 Arg and 227 Arg decreased the DNA binding activity drastically. The DNA binding activity was not affected by amino acid replacements within the integrase motif of the RBP-Jχ protein(230His-269His). Replacements between 291Arg and 323Tyr affected the DNA binding activity slightly but reproducibly. These results indicate that the region encompassing 218Arg-227Arg is critical for the DNA binding activity of RBP-Jχ This region did not show any significant homology to motifs or domains of the previously described DNA binding proteins. Using a truncation mutant protein RBP-Jχ was shown to associate with DNA as a monomer.

Meiotic role of SWI6 in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Araki, Hiroyuki,Leem, Sun-Hee,Chung, Chung-Nam,Sunwoo, Yangil 東亞大學校附設遺傳工學硏究所 1999 遺傳工學硏究 Vol.- No.6

The transcript levels of DNA replication genes and some recombination genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae fluctuate and peak at the G1/S boundary in the mitotic cell cycle. This fluctuation is regulated by MCB(Mlu/cell cycle box) elements which are bound by the DSC1/MBF1 complex consisting of Swi6 and Mbp1. It is also known that some of the MCB-regulated genes are induced by treatment with DNA damaging agents and in meiosis. In this report, the function of △SWI6 in meiosis was investigated. △swi6 cells underwent sporulation as did wild-type cells. However, the deletion mutant cells showed reduced spore viability and lower frequency of recombination. The transcript levels of the recombination genes RAD51 and RAD54, which have MCB elements, were reduced in △swi6 cells. The transcript levels of SW16 itself were also induced and declined in meiosis. Furthermore, an increased dosage of SW16 enhanced the transcript level of the RAD51 gene and also the recombination frequency in meiosis. These results suggest that SW16 enhances the expression level of the recombination genes in meiosis in a dosage-dependent manner, which results in an effect on the frequency of meiotic recombination.