실내·외 환경의 분진 중 중금속 농도 : 서울시 강서구·양천구 소재의 중학교를 중심으로 In Middle Schools in the Kangseoku and Yangchonku Areas, Seoul

배윤진,김규한,전효택,안주성 이화여자대학교 환경문제연구소 1998 이화환경연구 Vol.2 No.-

도시화 및 산업화에 따른 학교환경의 중금속 오염양상을 평가하기 위해 강서구·양천구에 위치한 31개 중학교의 교실, 특별실, 실외에서 강하분진 시료 총 93개를 채취하여 Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe의 중금속 원소들의 함량을 측정하고, 다변량통계처리와 연속추출분석 및 전자현미분석을 실시하였으며 양천구의 한 학교에서 4개월간 채집한 부유분진 시료 2개를 전자현미분석하였다. 강서구·양천구 중학교들의 교실, 특별실, 실외 분진의 중금속 원소의 분산양상을 비교한 결과, Cd, Cu, Pb의 함량이 특별실>교실>실외 순으로 나타나 학교 실내의 폐쇄된 공간에서 Cd, Cu, Pb의 농집이 진행되고 있음을 보여주었다. 반면, Mn, Fe의 함량은 실외>특별실>교실 순으로 나타났다. 이러한 경향은 통계적으로 유의적이었다.(P<0.01). 그리고 대부분 학교의 실외시료에서 오염지수(Pollution index)가 1.0이상으로 조사되어 연구지역 학교들의 실외 중금속 오염이 매우 넓은 범위에 걸쳐 진행되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 시료들에 대한 연속추출분석 결과, 교실, 특별실, 실외별로 중금속 원소들의 화학적 형태 분포상황이 유사하게 나타나 실내의 분진은 주로 외부에서 유입됨을 보여 주었다. 또한 Zn와 Cd의 교환성·수용성 형태가 우세하여 이동도와 생물흡수도가 가장 높을 것으로 나타났다. 전자현미분석에서도 시료채취 학교, 장소 및 용도등에 따른 중금속 존재형태의 차이는 나타나지 않았고 Pb, Zn, Cu 입자의 존재형태를 관찰한 결과, 실내외 중금속 오염이 과거 차량배기에 의한 오염영향과 공업활동에 의한 것으로 판단된다. Indoor and outdoor dry-deposited dust samples were collected from 31 middle school in the Kangseoku and Yangchonku areas in Seoul. Heavy metal concentrations were determined for the dusts from classroom, activity room and playground of each sampling sites. Suspended particulate samples were also investigated for certain periods during this study. Heavy metal dispersion patterns showed concentrations of Cd, Cu and Pb increasing in the order: playground, classroom and activityroom. Whereas Cd, Cu and Pb were highly concentrated in the closed spaces(e.g., activity room), Mn and Fe were high in the order of playground, activityroom and classroom. Most playground dusts exhibited the enhanced heavy metal pollution with a pollution index greater than 1.0. The chemical fractionations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn by sequential extraction were consistent between indoor and outdoor dust samples. Cadmium and Zn, mainly associated with exchangeable or water/acid soluble fraction, may have the highest mobility and bioavailability. There were no significant differences im morphological properties of the dust samples analyzed by electron probe microanalysis. It was suggested that outdoor dust may highly contribute to indoor contamination.

Iron, manganese and cadmium contents of sphalerites and their genetical implications to hydrothermal metallic ore deposits in Korea

Hyo Taek Chon,(全孝澤)Hidehiko Shimazaki(島崎英彥,) 대한자원환경지질학회 1986 자원환경지질 Vol.19 No.5

國內의 여러 熱水金屬鑛床에서 採取한 閃亞鉛石의 組成 變化를 鑛山 및 局地的 單位, 그리고 廣域的 單位로 調査하였다. 閃亞鉛石의 Fe, Mn, Cd 含量은 electron probe microanalyzer(EPMA)에 의한 部分分析 方法으로 測定하였다. 第一蓮花鑛山의 月岩鑛床에서 深度別(0m에서 -420m level까지)로 採取한 閃亞鉛石의 경우 Fe, Cd 含量은 深度에 따라 큰 變化가 없는 反面 Mn 含量 變化는 현저하였다. 半深成岩 및 噴出岩의 活動과 成因的으로 關聯된 Zn-Pb 鑛床의 경우 閃亞鉛石은 그 Mn 含量이 높고(MnS 1.0 mole% 以上) Cd 含量이 낮은(CdS 0.5 mole% 以下) 特徵을 보인다. 比較的 Mn含量이 높은 閃亞鉛石은 Fe含量도 높다. 一般的으로 各 鑛床別로 보면 Mn에 比해 Cd 含量 變化는 一定하다. 大部分의 W鑛床과 一部 Au-Ag鑛床에서 産出된 閃亞鉛石의 경우 Cd含量이 현저하게 높으나, 大部分의 base metal 鑛床 및 Fe鑛床에서는 Cd含量이 낮다. 成因的으로 深成岩의 活動과 關聯된 金屬鑛床에서 産出되는 閃亞鉛石의 Cd 含量 變化는 다양한 경향을 나타낸다. 閃亞鉛石中의 Cd 根源은 magma性 乃至는 後 magma性 過程中 原來부터 存在하던 有用 含量에 起因된다고 判斷된다. Compositional variation of sphalerites from various hydrothermal metallic ore deposits in Korea were investigated in mine and local, and regional scale. The sphalerites were partially analyzed for iron, manganese, and cadmium by using an electron probe microanalyzer(EPMA). The contents of iron and cadmium in sphalerites collected from the Weolam deposit of the No. 1 Yeonhwa mine are not variable with increase of depth, but manganese content is highly variable. Sphalerites from lead-zinc deposits which are geologically associated with hypabyssal and effusive activity are characterized by high manganese (more than 1.0 MnS mole %) and low cadmium contents (less than 0.5 CdS mole %). Relatively manganese rich sphalerites are found in the deposits where sphalerites are enriched in iron content. Variation of cadmium content is very limited compared with that of manganese content. Sphalerites from most tungsten and some gold-silver deposits are remarkably high in cadmium content, but most of base metal and iron deposits are low in cadmium content. Cadmium content in sphalerites which occur in the metallic ore deposits genetically associated with plutonic activity shows a tendency to high variation. Available amounts of cadmium in sphalerites could be originated from the initial enrichment during the magmatic and postmagmatic processes.

含우라늄 黑色세일 分布地域에서의 有毒性元素들의 分散에 관한 地球化學的 硏究

Hyo Taek Chon(全孝澤),Myung Chae Jung(鄭明採) 대한자원환경지질학회 1991 자원환경지질 Vol.24 No.3

Surficial dispersion patterns of heavy metals and toxic elements(U, Mo, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, V, Ni, Pb, and Cd) were investigated in the Dukpyungri, Goesan area covered with low grade uranium-bearing black shales. Maximum abundance of U in the black shale was 455ppm. Radioactivity was counted at a maximum of 7cps in black shales, and was less than 0.5cps in shales, slates, and oil shales of the control areas. Enrichment of Mo, V, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in black shales is particularly characteristic compared with shales, slates, and oil shales of the control areas, whereas contents of Mn, Cr, Co, and Th in all rock samples tend to be almost similar. Residual top soils(0~15cm depth) over black shales show high contents of Mo, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, and V in comparison with the control areas. Contents of trace elements in subsoils(15~30cm depth) were higher about one and half times than those in topsoils. Average contents of Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and V in garden soil and playground soil of an elementary school in Dukpyungri, Goesan area, were high about two to fifteen times compared with the control areas. Contents of trace elements in stream sediments were higher from two to eight times than those in residual soils. Sodium, Al, K, V, Cr, and Fe were more enriched in the roots of pine than in the twigs of pine. Contents of Li, Al, V, Ni, Cd, Fe, and Co were higher in the roots of azalea than in the twigs of azalea. Enrichment of P, Ca, and Mg was remarkable in the twigs of both pine and azalea. Biological absorption coefficients for essential elements(Zn, P, Mn, Ca and K) tend to be high, whereas those for the non-essential elements(Ba, Ti, V, and Mo) and toxic elements(Cr, Co, Pb and Ni) be low. Less mobile elements(Pd, Cd, and Co) tend to show anomalies with higher contrast than more mobile elements(Mo, V, Zn, Cu and Ni) in the area covered with black shales.

Indoor radon measurements of the multi-storey buildings in Seoul, Korea

Hyo-Taek Chon,전효택 한국자원공학회 2013 Geosystem engineering Vol.16 No.4

Most people are exposed to various kinds of indoor pollutants due to spending most of their time indoors. Unlike other anthropogenic pollutants of the indoor environment, radon gas is a naturally formed radioactive pollutant and it has been known as a second major contributor to lung cancer. However, most radon studies have focused on underground facilities and one-story buildings because the dominant source of indoor radon was known as the soil gas which was emitted from cracks or pores of the wall on the ground. Three study areas were selected for this research: the first and the second floor of a two-storey building (area A), the third floor of a newly built four-storey building (area B), and the 11th floor of a 15-storey apartment house (area C). Radon concentrations were measured by means of etched-track detectors (passive method) and by continuous measurements (active method). The active method was only used in area B because of continuous pump noise of the measuring device. Radon concentrations were monitored by the passive method for 3 or 4 months according to the study area. Continuous measurements were conducted for 3 months using the radon monitoring instrument (RAD7). The measuring protocol for the active method was ‘sniff’. The average radon concentrations determined by the passive and the active methods in area B were 2.9 and 1.8 pCi/L, respectively. The radon concentration measured by the passive method was 1.6 times higher than that measured by the active method. The average radon concentration in area C was 1.7 pCi/L (range 1.3–2.1 pCi/L) and slightly higher than that in area A (average 1.3 pCi/L with a range of 0.6–2.1 pCi/L). The results suggest that more detailed studies on the sources and rates of radon emissions are needed for multi-storey buildings.

지구화학환경에서의 라돈농도분포와 라돈농도의 지배요인(사례연구)

전효택 ( Hyo Taek Chon ) 대한지질공학회 2000 대한지질공학회 심포지엄 Vol.2000 No.-

국내 전형적 금은 및 비 (base) 금속 폐광산지역의 중금속 오염특성

전효택(Hyo-Taek Chon),안주성(Joo Sung Ahn),정명채(Myung Chae Jung) 대한자원환경지질학회 2005 자원환경지질 Vol.38 No.2

The objectives of this study are to assess the extent and degree of environmental contamination and to draw general conclusions on the fate of toxic elements derived from mining activities in Korea. Eight abandoned mines with four base-metal mines and four Au-Ag mines were selected and the results of environmental surveys in those areas were discussed. In the basemetal mining areas, the Sambo Pb-Zn-barite, the Shinyemi Pb-Zn-Fe, the Geodo Cu-Fe and the Shiheung Cu-Pb-Zn mine, significant levels of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were found in mine dump soils developed over mine waste materials, tailings and slag. Furthermore, agricultural soils, stream sediments and stream water near the mines were severely contaminated by the metals mainly due to the continuing dispersion downstream and downslope from the sites, which was controlled by the feature of geography, prevailing wind directions and the distance from the mine. In the Au-Ag mining areas, the Kubong, the Samkwang, the Keumwang and the Kilkok mines, elevated levels of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were found in tailings and mine dump soils. These levels may have caused increased concentrations of those elements in stream sediments and waters due to direct discharge downstream from tailings and mine dumps. In the Au-Ag mines, As would be the most characteristic contaminant in the nearby environment. Arsenic and heavy metals were found to be mainly associated with sulfide gangue minerals, and mobility of these metals would be enhanced by the effect of oxidation. According to sequential extraction of metals in soils, most heavy metals were identified as non-residual chemical forms, and those are very susceptible to the change of ambien conditions of a nearby environment. As application of pollution index (PI), giving data on multi-element contamination in soils, over 1.0 value of the PI was found in soils sampled at and around the mining areas. 이 연구의 목적은 국내 폐광산지역의 주변 환경오염 양상을 평가하고 독성 중금속 원소들의 거동에 대한 일반적인 결론을 도출하고자 함이다 . 이를 위해 국내의 전형적인 비 (base) 금속 광산과 금은 광산 4 개 지역을 각각 선정하여 환경오염 조사결과를 상호 비교 , 검토하였다 . 비금속광산으로서 삼보 Pb-Zn- 중정석 , 신예미 Pb-Zn-Fe, 거도 Cu-Fe 및 시흥 CuPb-Zn 광산지역의 광미 및 슬래그 등 폐기물에서 유래된 토양에서 상당한 수준의 Cd, Cu, Pb 및 Zn 의 함량이 나타났다 . 또한 광산 하부지역 주변 농경지 , 하상퇴적물 및 하천수에서도 지속적인 분산의 영향으로 심각한 오염양상이 나타났으며 이는 광산으로부터의 거리 , 풍향 , 지형 등에 의해 영향을 받고 있었다 . 구봉 , 삼광 , 금왕 및 길곡 금은광산지역에서도 광미 및 광산 폐기토양에서 As, Cd, Cu, Pb 및 Zn 의 높은 함량이 나타났으며 직접적인 하부유출로 하상퇴적물 및 하천 수의 오염을 유발하고 있었다 . 금은광산지역에서 비소가 특징적인 환경오염 원소로 나타났으며 중금속원소와 함께 황화 광물에서 비롯되어 산화영향에 따라 그 이동도가 증진될 수 있다 . 토양시료의 연속추출 분석결과 대부분의 중금속은 비잔류성 형태로 존재하며 주변 환경조건의 변화에 취약한 것으로 나타났다 . 오염지수의 적용결과 폐광산 토양에서 1.0 이상으로 중금속원소들의 복합적 오염양상을 나타내었다 .

금속광산지역 독성 중금속원소들의 인체 위해성 평가

이진수(Jin-Soo Lee):전효택(Hyo-Taek Chon) 대한자원환경지질학회 2004 자원환경지질 Vol.37 No.1

본 연구에서는 폐금속광산인 도곡 Au-Ag-Cu 광산과 화천 Au-Ag-Pb-Zn 광산을 대상으로 광산주변 광미, 토양, 자연수 및 농작물 시료를 채취하여 독성 중금속원소들의 오염수준을 규명하고, 토양에 대한 SBET 분석을 통해 인체의 위에서 흡수되는 중금속들의 흡수비를 평가하고자 하였다. 또한 이들 지역 주민에 대한 인체 노출경로를 파악하여 독성 중금속들에 노출된 주민들의 건강에 미치는 악영향(독성 및 발암성)을 정량적으로 산출하는 위해성평가를 수행하고자 하였다. 도곡광산의 광미내 중금속의 평균함량은 218 Asmg/kg, 90.2 Cdmg/kg, 3,053 Cu mg/kg, 9,473 Pb mg/kg, 14,500 Zn mg/kg으로 매우 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 화천광산의 광미의 경우, 그 평균함량은 72 As mg/kg, 12.4 Cd mg/kg, 34 Cu mg/kg, 578 Pb mg/kg, 1,304 Zn mg/kg으로 나타나, Cu를 제외한 원소들이 높은 함량을 나타내고 있다. 따라서 As 및 중금속을 다량 함유하고 있는 이들 광산의 광미들이 강우나 바람에 의해 하류로 유실됨으로써 주변 토양과 수계를 오염시키고 있다. SBET 분석결과에 의하면, 화천광산의 논토양내 As, Cd, Zn의 인체흡수도는 각각 55.4%, 20.8%, 26.4%로 나타났으며, 도곡광산의 밭토양의 경우는 각각 40.8%, 37.6%, 33.0%로나타나 As의 인체흡수도가 가장 높은 것으로 판단된다. 독성(비발암성)위해도 평가결과, 화천광산에서는 As의 HI 지수가 5.38로, 도곡광산에서는 Cd의 HI 지수가 3.25로 1 이상으로 나타나 이 지역에 거주하는 주민들이 지속적으로 오염된 농작물(쌀알), 지하수, 토양을 섭취한다면 As 및 Cd에 대한 독성위해도가 발생할 가능성이 큼을 시사하고 있다. 발암위해도평가결과, 화천광산 지역의 쌀알 및 지하수(식수) 섭취를 통한 As의 초과 발암위해도가 각각 만명중의 8명및 1명으로 높게 나타났다. 이는 US-EPA에서 제시한 허용발암위해도보다도 크므로 이 지역 주민들이 As에 의해 오염된 쌀알이나 지하수를 식수로 계속적으로 장기간 섭취하게 된다면 As의 발암성 확률이 크다고 판단된다. In order to estimate the post-ingestion bioavailability of heavy metals and to assess the risk of adverse health effects on human exposure to toxic heavy metals, environmental geochemical surveys were undertaken around the Dogok Au-Ag-Cu and the Hwacheon Au-Ag-Pb-Zn mine sites. Human risk assessment of toxic heavy metals was performed with the results of the SBET(simple bioavailability extraction test) analysis for soil and chemical analytical data for crop plant and water. Arsenic and other heavy metals were highly elevated in tailings from the Dogok(218 As mg/kg, 90.2 Cd mg/kg, 3,053 Cu mg/kg, 9,473 Pb mg/kg, 14,500 Zn mg/kg) and the Hwacheon(72 As mg/kg, 12.4 Cd mg/kg, 578 Pb mg/kg, 1,304 Zn mg/kg) mines. These significant concentrations can impact on soils and waters around the tailing dumps. The quantities of As, Cd and Zn extracted from paddy soils in the Hwacheon mine using the SBET analysis were 55.4%, 20.8% and 26.4% bioavailability, respectively, and for farmland soils in the Dogok mine, 40.8%, 37.6% and 33.0% bioavailability, respectively. From the results of human risk assessment, HI(Hazard Index) value exceeded 1.0 for As in the Hwacheon mine and for Cd in the Dogok mine. Thus, toxic risks for As and Cd exist via exposure(ingestion) of contaminated soil, water and rice grain in these mine sites. The cancer risk for As by the consumption of rice and groundwater in the Hwacheon mine area was 8E-4 and 1E-4, respectively. This risk level exceeds the acceptable risk(1 in 100,000) for regulatory purpose. Therefore, regular ingestion of locally grown rice and groundwater by the local population can pose a potential health threat due to long-term arsenic exposure.

Multisystem involvement of Langerhans` cell histiocytosis

Hyo Seok Lim,Yun Jung Lee,Moon Chan Choi,Suk Chon,Seung Joon Oh,Jeong Taek Woo,Sung Woon Kim,Jin Woo Kim,Young Seol Kim 대한내과학회 2009 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2009 No.-

Microstructure and properties of cross-roll rolled and heat treated metastable TiNbSn alloy.

Jung, Taek-Kyun,Choi, Ho-Joon,Kim, Kyung-Taek,Shin, Young-Chul,Lee, Hyo-Soo,Lim, Sung-Chul,Kwon, Hyouk-Chon,Hanada, Shuji American Scientific Publishers 2014 Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology Vol.14 No.10

<P>A (Ti-35mass%Nb)-4mass%Sn alloy was cross-roll rolled with a reduction ratio of 70% in which the roll axes are tilted by 5 degrees away from the transverse direction of the rolled sample and then aged at 250 degrees C for 2 h. Cross-roll rolling was found to increase yield strength and Young's modulus, simultaneously. Yield strength was higher in cross-roll rolled than in conventionally rolled at same reduction ratio. Yield and tensile strength further increased by a low temperature ageing by ψ precipitation hardening and microstructure refinement. Yield and tensile strength of the aged 70% cross-roll rolled sample were higher than those of the aged 70% conventionally rolled one.</P>

도시 및 산업환경 분진 및 토양중의 중금속 원소들의 분산에 관한 지구화학적 연구

전효택,최완주,Chon, Hyo-Taek,Choi, Wan-Joo 대한자원환경지질학회 1992 자원환경지질 Vol.25 No.3

The garden soils, main road dusts, residential road dusts, and playground soils/dusts of Seoul, Geumsan, Onsan, and Taebaek areas were analyzed in order to investigate the level of heavy metal pollution by urbanization and industrialization. The soil pH is in the range of 5.48~8.40 and was generally neutral. The color of soils and dusts is mainly Raw Umber to dark greyish Raw Umber. Some samples from Taebaek city, a coal mining area, showed a deep black color due to contamination by coal dusts. Major minerals of the dusts and soils are quartz, feldspars, and micas, reflecting the composition of the parent rocks. However, pyrite was found as a major mineral in the samples of industrial road dusts of Onsan, a smelting area, and resicential road dusts of Taebaek. Thus, the high level of heavy metals in mining and smelting areas can be explained with the sulfide minerals. The mode of occurences of heavy metals in Seoul, a comprehensive urbanized area, were related to the metallic pollutants and organic materials through observation by scanning eletron microscopy. In main road and residential road dusts of Onsan area, Cd, Zn, and Cu were extremely high. Some industrial road and residential road dusts of Seoul area showed high Cu, Zn, and Pb contents, wereas some garden soils and residential road dusts of Taebaek area were high in As content. In general, the heavy metal contents in dust samples were two to three times higher than those in soil samples. Main road dust samples were the most reflective from the discriminant analysis of multi-element data. Cadmium, Sb, and Se in Onsan area, As in Taebaek area, Pb and Te in Seoul area were most characteristic in discriminating the studied areas. Therefore, Cd in smelting areas, As in coal mining areas, and Pb in metropolitan areas can be suggested as the characteristic elements of each pollution pattern. The dispersion of heavy metal elements in urban areas tends to orignate in main roads and deposit in garden soils through the atmosphere and residential roads. The heavy metal contamination in Seoul is characteristic in areas with high population, factory, road, and traffic decsities. Heavy metal contents are high in the vicinity of smelters in Onsan area and are decayed to background levels from one kilometer away from the smelters.