윤동주 시에서의 시공간적 시야로 본 “하늘”의 이미지 연구

유은종 ( Liu Yinzhong ),유성림 ( Liu Chenglin ) 한국어교육연구소 2015 한국어교육연구 Vol.11 No.1

윤동주 시 연구에서 지금까지 도입한 방법은 대체로 윤동주의 생애를 통하여 시대적 배경과 그가 처한 구체 환경들에 기대여 시를 부석하려는 태도가 주를 이루고 시세계와 주제 의식을 파악하기 위한 연구가 많이 이루어졌다. 초창기에는 윤동주 시집의 서문이나 발문 등을 통해 이력이나 회고담을 중심으로 한 일반적인 연구가 진행되었다. 윤동주의 인생을 연구하는 학자들은 윤동주의 “평전”을 펴냈고 윤동주를 연구하기 위한 자료로서 문예지에서 윤동주 특집이 마련되기도 했다. 80년대 들어와서 윤동주 관련 박사학위 논문(마광수, 1983)이 적지 않게 나왔고 윤동주 관련 연구저서가 연속 출간되기 시작하였다. 연구의 초점은 저항 시인으로 모아졌다. 21세기에 들어서면서 송우혜의 “윤동주 평전”이 푸른역사에서 펴냈다(송우혜, 1998). 그 후 홍장학의 윤동주 전집 원전연구 성과(홍장학, 2004)가 선을 보이고 사전연구에서는 “윤동주 시어사전”(조제수, 2005)이 출간되기도 하였다. 윤동주를 저항시인, 민족시인, 서정시인, 또 어떤 이들은 기독교시인, 애국시인(이누가이 미쯔히로, 1998, 외고계영 역)이라고 부르기도 하였다. 윤동주 연구는 북한이나 중국, 일본에서도 많이 이루어졌다. 중국 연변은 윤동주 시인이 1917년에 명동에서 태어나서 연희 전문학교에 진학하던 1938년 이전까지 살던 곳이고 일본에서 옥사한 후 유해가 돌아와 묻힌 곳이다. 윤동주 행적에 관한 연구는 일본의 오무라, 중국연변의 권철에 의해 묘지가 발굴되고 40여 년 동안 묻혀있던 시인의 문학사적 위치가 정해졌다(권철, 2000)고 할 수 있다. 윤동주 시인 행적에 대한 연구와 시세계에 대한 연구에서는 주제적으로 파악하기 위한 연구가 주류를 이루었다. 윤동주 시 연구에서 주요 시어 분석을 통한 이미지 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 윤동주 시에서의 시어와 시의 연관 속에서 윤동주 시세계의 주제의식을 파악하고 시공간적 이미지 분석을 통하여 윤동주의 시세계를 더욱 깊이 이해하는 것도 필요하다고 본다. “하늘”은 윤동주 시어에서 빈도수가 “별”(16개)보다 더 많이 쓰여 “나”(85개)를 제외하고 두 번째로 많이 쓰인 시어이다. 윤동주 시에서 “하늘”이 차지하는 빈도수(30개)를 찾아내고 구체적인 시들에서 어떻게 쓰이었는가를 살펴보는 것은 윤동주 시세계를 이해하는데 통로가 될 수 있으며 문학적으로나 언어학적 측면에서 윤동주의 시세계를 새롭게 연구하는 중요한 소재로 되며 시세계를 파악하는데 적지 않은 도움이 되리라고 생각 한다. Method that have introduced in study poem of Yun Dong-ju is generally some. It was achieved much that form a main attitude that want to study poem lean against on period background and that him is placed specific environments through Yun Dong-ju's life and grasps poem world and subject consciousness . The general study was has been proceeded through preface or epilog of Yun Dong-ju poetical works and revolve around the background or reminiscence in early days. Scholars, who study Yun Dong-ju's life, published Yun Dong-ju's 'Critical biography' and Yun Dong-ju special edition was prepared in literary magazine as the data to study Yun Dong-ju. Yun Dong-ju connection doctoral dissertation was published considerable entering the 80 and Yun Dong-ju connection study book was begun to publish continuously. Focus of study commanded by resistance poet. Son-woohye's 'Yun Dong-ju critical biography' published in Pureunyeoksa entering in 21th century. After that, Hong-janghak's result of Yun Dong-ju complete collection research of the original text shows and 'Yun Dong-ju poetic language dictionary' of joejesu was published. Yun Dong-ju has been called poet of resistance, national poet, lyric poet and some people calls Christian poet and patriotic poet . Yun Dong-ju study was achieved much in North Korea or China, Japan. Yanbian of China is the place that Yun Dong-ju poet is born in 1917 and go to the yeonhui professional school in 1938 and return remains is buried after death in the prison in the Japan. Study of Yun Dong-ju's past include Omula of Japan and Quanzhe of Yanbian of China, and graveyard of Yun Dong-ju was dig up by them. So that I can say that poet's literature historical position was located, who lies for 40 years. I can say the study that figure out to subject made mainstream in the Yun Dong-ju poet's past and poem world. Image study through main poetic language in Yun Dong-ju poem study analysis was hardly achieved. I think that it is necessary to understanding sense of subject of Yun Dong-ju's poem world in connection of poetic language and poetic language in Yun Dong-ju poem and understanding more deeply Yun Dong-ju's poem world through image analysis of space-time. The frequency of "star" In Yun Dong-ju poetic language is used more than "star"(16) is poetic language and used much secondarily except "I"(85). I think that it become many helps that find out the frequency of "star" occupies in Yun Dong-ju's poem and examine closely how to use in the detailed poem to became a path to understanding Yun Dong-ju's poem world and became a important material in the newly study Yun Dong-ju's poem world at the ways of literature and language.

Peptidoglycan activation of the proPO-system without a peptidoglycan receptor protein (PGRP)?

Liu, Haipeng,Wu, Chenglin,Matsuda, Yasuyuki,Kawabata, Shun-ichiro,Lee, Bok Luel,Sö,derhä,ll, Kenneth,Sö,derhä,ll, Irene Elsevier 2011 DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY Vol.35 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Recognition of microbial polysaccharide by pattern recognition receptors triggers the prophenoloxidase (proPO) cascade, resulting in melanin synthesis and its deposition on the surface of invading pathogens. Several masquerade-like proteins and serine proteinase homologues have been shown to be involved in the proPO activation in insects. In this study, a novel serine proteinase homologue, <I>Pl</I>-SPH2, was found and isolated as a 30kDa protein from hemocytes of the freshwater crayfish, <I>Pacifastacus leniusculus</I>, by its binding property to a partially lysozyme digested or TCA-treated insoluble Lysine (Lys)-type peptidoglycan (PGN) and soluble polymeric Lys-type PGN. Two other proteins, the <I>Pl</I>-SPH1 and lipopolysaccharide- and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein (LGBP) were also found in the several different PGN-binding assays. However no PGRP homologue was detected. Neither was any putative PGRP found after searching available crustacean sequence databases. If RNA interference of <I>Pl</I>-SPH2, <I>Pl</I>-SPH1 or LGBP in the crayfish hematopoietic tissue cell culture was performed, it resulted in lower PO activity following activation of the proPO-system by soluble Lys-type PGN. Taken together, we report for the first time that Lys-type PGN is a trigger of proPO-system activation in a crustacean and that two <I>Pl</I>-SPHs are involved in this activation possibly by forming a complex with LGBP and without a PGRP.</P>

Sedimentary characteristics and palaeoclimatic significance of glauberite in Paleocene lacustrine deposits of the Jiangling Depression, central China

Xiaocan Yu,Chenglin Liu,Chunlian Wang,Jiuyi Wang,Haiming Xu,Haonan Li 한국지질과학협의회 2018 Geosciences Journal Vol.22 No.3

The Paleocene sedimentary sequence in the Jiangling Depression was deposited in a salt lake environment. Based on detailed core observation of four drillholes in the Jiangling Depression, a study of sedimentary characteristics of glauberite in Paleocene lacustrine deposits was conducted through thin section petrography, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). This study has revealed five types of geological occurrences and six types of profile distribution features of glauberite. On the basis of petrological and mineralogical characteristics, we propose that the glauberite is mainly formed by crystallization from saturated sulfate solution and by ion exchange between sulfate solution and calcium-bearing pore solution. Glauberite mainly occurs in the late stage of Paleocene, when brine is relatively highly concentrated. Replacement of gypsum by glauberite is subordinate. The depositional model of glauberite is also discussed. The sulphur isotopic values δ34S) and the strontium ratios (87Sr/86Sr) of the sulphate suggest a non-marine brine supply. The profile distribution features of glauberite contribute to a better understanding of the past climate change. The glauberite in Late Paleocene is frequently interbedded with dolomite, anhydrite, halite or thenardite, suggesting fluctuation of lake water salinity and climate. Trace element compositions of the mudstones imply the reducing condition and fluctuating salinity. The Homogenization temperatures and hydrogen and oxygen isotopic values (δDSMOW and δ18OSMOW) in halite and thenardite inclusions further indicate that in Paleocene the temperature was relatively high and fluctuant. Moreover, the palaeoclimate was drier in the late stage of Late Paleocene, though the temperature was cooler/lower.

A GPS/GSM Based Vehicle Monitoring and Anti-Theft System

Pan Yi,Liu Huafu,Feng Lu,Zhang Zhuxian,Huang Feijiang,Cai Chenglin 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Smart Home Vol.10 No.7

Aiming at the requirement of remote monitoring and anti-theft system, a GPS/GSM based mobile phone remote vehicle monitoring and anti-theft system is developed. The system design contains two parts: hardware part and software part. On the hardware design, the STC89C52 chip is chosen as the main control chip, the u-blox NEO-6M chip is used as the vehicle position information module, and the GTIM900-B chip is adopted as the short message sending module. On the software design of the system, a single-chip microcomputer program, an analog serial port program, a GPS information processing program and a GSM short message sending program are implemented. In addition, the system has developed algorithms, including map displaying algorithm, speech alarming algorithm and short message trapping algorithm. When an abnormal moving distance exceeds 100 meters, the current vehicle position will be identified and displayed on the APP map of the mobile phone in real time for the vehicle owner, and the system will warning the owner that the vehicle has moved by speech alarming. The system is the low-cost, and can be applied extensively on the remote monitoring of personal vehicle and the remote trapping and location of the outside moving subject.

The formation process of the Mengyejing potash deposit, Yunnan, China: evidence from geochemical and petrological characteristics

Lijian Shen,Chenglin Liu,Jian-xin Zhao,Yuexing Feng,Licheng Wang 한국지질과학협의회 2021 Geosciences Journal Vol.25 No.5

Two types of potash ores were sampled from the Mengyejing potash deposit (the MPD) which is the only ancient potash deposit ever found in China. Geochemical analyses, including Br, K, Mg and some heavy metals, were performed on those samples. The relatively consistent Br contents (141.42 to 763.67 ppm) in both bedded potash and veined potash ores show that the potashforming brine was likely derived from seawater. K contents and Br/Cl ratios of the veined potash ores are relatively high in contrast to bedded potash ores. The K/Br ratios of veined potash ores exhibit a positive correlation with Br contents, which is opposite to that of the bedded potash ore of the MPD and potassium-salts from the evaporation of modern seawater. The contents of heavy metals in veined potash ores are much higher than those of bedded potash ores in the MPD and potash in other evaporite basins of the world. Sr and S isotopic compositions of these two types of potash ores suggest that the brines for precipitating veined potash were formed by mixing of connate waters (seawater or/and continental freshwater) and hydrothermal fluids. The geochemical and petrological characteristics of the veined potash ores indicate that the brine for forming veined potash orebodies caused by dissolution of previous bedded potash orebodies by hydrothermal fluids. The veined potash orebodies were formed through a cooling process by which sylvite precipitated first prior to halite.

An Algorithm for Inter-Satellite Autonomous Time Synchronization and Ranging in the Beidou Navigation Satellite System

Pan Yi,Liu Huafu,Zhang Zhuxian,Huang Feijiang,Cai Chenglin,Feng Lu 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Future Generation Communi Vol.9 No.7

Aiming at the requirement of the autonomous time synchronization in BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), an algorithm for inter-satellite autonomous time synchronization and ranging is proposed. Based on the establishment of the inter-satellite link length model of the BDS, a series of simulation has been carried out through the use of STK (Satellite Tool Kit), which includes the simulation of the length changing rules, the length variation scale and its variation ratio. Based on these simulations, an analysis of the impact of satellite motion on the inter-satellite two-way time synchronization and range has been presented. In this algorithm, the inter-satellite clock-offset and range with minimal error are acquired by utilizing the combination of clock-offset fitting polynomial and range fitting polynomial based on the least square fitting of data generated from the inter-satellite two-way time synchronization. Empirical evaluation of the BDS simulation shows that our time synchronization error is 2ns, and ranging error is 2m under the condition of acceptable simulation error. With the application of the algorithm to the inter-satellite autonomous time synchronization and ranging, the high-accuracy measurement of inter-satellite clock-offset and range of BDS can be reached.

Relationship of box counting of fractured rock mass with Hoek-Brown parameters using particle flow simulation

Ning, Jianguo,Liu, Xuesheng,Tan, Yunliang,Wang, Jun,Tian, Chenglin Techno-Press 2015 Geomechanics & engineering Vol.9 No.5

Influenced by various mining activities, fractures in rock masses have different densities, set numbers and lengths, which induce different mechanical properties and failure modes of rock masses. Therefore, precisely expressing the failure criterion of the fractured rock influenced by coal mining is significant for the support design, safety assessment and disaster prevention of underground mining engineering subjected to multiple mining activities. By adopting PFC2D particle flow simulation software, this study investigated the propagation and fractal evolution laws of the micro cracks occurring in two typical kinds of rocks under uniaxial compressive condition. Furthermore, it calculated compressive strengths of the rocks with different confining pressures and box-counting dimensions. Moreover, the quantitative relation between the box-counting dimension of the rocks and the empirical parameters m and s in Hoek-Brown strength criterion was established. Results showed that with the increase of the strain, the box-counting dimension of the rocks first increased slowly at the beginning and then exhibited an exponential increase approximately. In the case of small strains of same value, the box-counting dimensions of hard rocks were smaller than those of weak rocks, while the former increased rapidly and were larger than the latter under large strain. The results also presented that there was a negative correlation between the parameters m and s in Hoek-Brown strength criterion and the box-counting dimension of the rocks suffering from variable mining activities. In other words, as the box-counting dimensions increased, the parameters m and s decreased linearly, and their relationship could be described using first order polynomial function.

Characteristics and formation mode of salt-bearing series in typical rift valley basin, eastern China

Yanjun Zhao,Chenglin Liu,Hua Zhang,Licheng Wang,Baokun Liu,Fenglin Lv 한국지질과학협의회 2015 Geosciences Journal Vol.19 No.1

The Shulu Sag is a typical rift valley basin in easternChina, where the formation mechanism of Cenozoic salt-bearingseries has been poorly understood. In this paper, petrologic analysis,X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD) analysis and the analysis ofhalite ion concentrations of the first member of the Shahejie Formationfrom two drilling cores were conducted to interpret theformation mechanism of these salt-bearing series in Shulu Sag. Theresults indicated that the salt-bearing series is mainly composed of calcilutiteor mudstone at top and bottom, and anhydrite-bearing haliteand thin interbeds of salt-bearing calcilutite and dark grey shale inthe middle part. These thin interbeds with porphyritic or petalshapedglauberite crystals or some thinner dark grey shale interbedsseparated halites into several members with the average thicknessof only 9~12 cm in the two drilling holes. This typical rhythmicpattern due to frequent alternation of concentration was evidencedby the variation of chemical composition and hydrogen isotopes ofhalite fluid inclusions. The presence of large number of primaryfluid inclusions within chevron crystals and vertically orientedbottom-growth crystals showed that the halite were precipitated inshallow water (<60 cm). These features are direct evidence for thisfrequent alternation of dissolution and concentration of brines andterrigenous detrital-chemical shallow-water sedimentary model ofthese small rift-valley basins in eastern China.

Optimization of basic magenta adsorption onto Fe/Cu nanocomposites synthesized by sweet potato leaf extract using response surface methodology

Yuanyuan Niu,Ruijuan Jia,Chenglin Liu,Xiuli Han,Chun Chang,Junying Chen 한국화학공학회 2021 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.38 No.8

Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts as an effective bio-reducing reagent has attracted considerable attention. Fe/Cu nanocomposites synthesized by extracts of sweet potato leaves served to remove basic magenta (BM) from aqueous solution. The adsorption operation conditions of BM on Fe/Cu nanocomposites were optimum by Box-Behnken design (BBD) model of response surface methodology (RSM). The adsorption equilibrium data were well described by the Sips and Redlich-Peterson models. The thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. The maximum adsorption capacity from the Sips model was 235.92mg/g at 298 K, which indicated that Fe/Cu nanocomposites had potential application in wastewater treatment. As indicated by pseudo-second order kinetics model, the adsorption of BM onto Fe/Cu nanocomposites could be achieved through the complexation, H-bonding, - adsorbate-adsorbent interaction, and electrostatic interaction at different pH values

Spatial spectrum approach for pilot spoofing attack detection in MIMO systems

Ning, Lina,Li, Bin,Wang, Xiang,Liu, Xiaoming,Zhao, Chenglin Electronics and Telecommunications Research Instit 2021 ETRI Journal Vol.43 No.5

In this study, a spatial spectrum method is proposed to cope with the pilot spoofing attack (PSA) problem by exploiting the of uplink-downlink channel reciprocity in time-division-duplex multiple-input multiple-output systems. First, the spoofing attack in the uplink stage is detected by a threshold derived from the predefined false alarm based on the estimated spatial spectrum. When the PSA occurs, the transmitter (That is Alice) can detect either one or two spatial spectrum peaks. Then, the legitimate user (That is Bob) and Eve are recognized in the downlink stage via the channel reciprocity property based on the difference between the spatial spectra if PSA occurs. This way, the presence of Eve and the direction of arrival of Eve and Bob can be identified at the transmitter end. Because noise is suppressed by a spatial spectrum, the detection performance is reliable even for low signal-noise ratios and a short training length. Consequently, Bob can use beamforming to transmit secure information during the data transmission stage. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations are performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme compared with conventional methods.