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- 저자 : Chahir Zaki (검색결과 3 건)
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On Trade Policies and Wage Disparity: Evidence from Egyptian Microeconomic Data
Chahir Zaki 한국국제경제학회 2014 International Economic Journal Vol.28 No.1
This paper proposes an empirical investigation of the effect of different trade barriers on wages in Egypt. The effect of trade barriers on wage disparity has been widely discussed at both empirical and public policy levels. This debate has mainly dealt with traditional tariff barriers. Less attention has been attributed to other barriers, such as non-tariff measures and red tape costs. However, these barriers – and in particular red tape costs –impede more than tariffs in developing countries. Thus, using a microeconomic dataset, this paper assesses to what extent different trade barriers affected wage disparities and employment in Egypt. These disparities are studied in three dimensions: on gender (males versus females), qualification (skilled versus unskilled), and regional (urban versus rural workers). The main findings show that red tape barriers have a higher impact than traditional tariffs on wage disparity. Female and blue-collar workers are more affected by such barriers. The effect of trade barriers on regional wage disparity seems to be less important then gender and qualification. Finally, when the effects of observable worker characteristics are filtered out, it turns out that wage premia are negatively affected by all trade barriers.
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How Do Technical Barriers to Trade Affect Exports? Evidence from Egyptian Firm-Level Data
Yasmine Kamal,Chahir Zaki 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2018 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.33 No.4
The paper examines the impact of Technical Barriers to Trade on firms’ exports in Egypt over the period 2005~2011. Firm-level data for Egypt are combined with the WTO’s TBT-specific trade concerns database. Employing a variant of a gravity model with highdimensional fixed effects, the impact of Technical Barriers to Trade on firms’ intensive and extensive margins, and exit and entry probabilities is estimated, as well as impacts on product and market diversification. Regressions examine the heterogeneous effect of Technical Barriers to Trade by firm size. Results indicate an insignificant effect of Technical Barriers to Trade on firms’ intensive margin. On the other hand, the extensive margin and entry probability are negatively affected by Technical Barriers to Trade, whereas exit probability is positively affected. Accordingly, Technical Barriers to Trade mainly induce an increase in the fixed costs of exporting. Importantly, smaller firms are more adversely affected by Technical Barriers to Trade in their export participation and entry and exit decisions. The effect of Technical Barriers to Trade on firms’ product diversification is found to be sector-dependent:positive for agricultural sectors and mixed for non-agricultural ones. Finally, firms generally tend to increase their market diversification in response to Technical Barriers to Trade. This is especially true for large firms within their set of African and Asian destination markets. By contrast, there are lower prospects of firm diversification into less stringent destinations within the European region.
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Revisiting the Impact of Trade Openness on Informal and Irregular Employment in Egypt
Mélika Ben Salem,Chahir Zaki 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2019 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.34 No.3
This study examines the impact of trade openness on job quality, measured by the share of informal and irregular employment in total employment. By combining a microeconomic dataset (the Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey) with macroeconomic variables (tariffs), we assess the effect of trade reforms on informal/irregular workers in Egypt. Our main findings show that there is a positive association between tariffs and both informal and irregular employments in Egypt. This effect is likely because the least productive informal firms will be forced to exit the industry and only the most productive (formal) firms will export to the international markets. This will increase the demand for formal (and eventually regular) workers that are usually more skilled and, in turn, lead to a likely decline in informal (and irregular) employment. While this effect on informality is robust, the one on irregularity is not.
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