Effect of Thawing Methods and Storage Time on Physicochemical Characteristic and Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Content of Frozen Duck Meat

Kang-Nyeong Heo,Euichul Hong,Bo-Seok Kang,Byoungho Park,Jae-Beom Cha,Hyo-Jun Choo,Il Kwon,Ji-Hyuk Kim 한국가금학회 2019 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.46 No.4

This study investigated the effects of thawing methods and storage time on the quality of frozen duck meat. Meat was obtained from eight-week-old Korean native ducks (average weight=2.8 kg). Seventy-two samples were divided into eight treatments (three replicates/treatment, three samples/replicate) with 2 × 4 factorial arrangement based on two thawing methods (under running water at 12℃ for 3 h and in a refrigerator at 5℃ for 24 h) and four storage times (1, 3, 6, and 12 months). CIE b* was significantly different among different storage time treatments, reaching its lowest after 6 months (P<0.05). Cooking loss did not differ between storage times; however, it was significantly lower following application of the fast thawing treatment (P<0.05). Water-holding capacity of meat stored for one month was highest compared to that of meat stored for a longer period (P<0.05). Additionally, there were significant differences based on storage time in γ-linoleic acid (C18:3n6) and eicosenoic acid (C20:1n9) contents (P<0.01), as well as in protein contents (P<0.05). Palmitoleic acid (C16:1n7) typically decreased after three months of storage; however, this decline was not significant compared to other storage times. Essential amino acids contents, except methionine, were significantly difference at six and 12 months of storage (P<0.05). Similarly, non-essential amino acid contents, except tyrosine, were significantly different among storage periods (P<0.05, P<0.01). Alternatively, there were no significant differences in the chemical composition, fatty acid content, or amino acid content based on the thawing method.

Thermal and Electrical Energy Mix Optimization(EMO) Method for Real Large-scaled Residential Town Plan

Cha-Nyeong Kang,Soo-Hwan Cho 대한전기학회 2018 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.13 No.1

Since Paris Climate Change Conference in 2015, many policies to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas have been accelerating, which are mainly related to renewable energy resources and micro-grid. Presently, the technology development and demonstration projects are mostly focused on diversifying the power resources by adding wind turbine, photo-voltaic and battery storage system in the island-type small micro-grid. It is expected that the large-scaled micro-grid projects based on the regional district and town/complex city, e.g. the block type micro-grid project in Daegu national industrial complex will proceed in the near future. In this case, the economic cost or the carbon emission can be optimized by the efficient operation of energy mix and the appropriate construction of electric and heat supplying facilities such as cogeneration, renewable energy resources, BESS, thermal storage and the existing heat and electricity supplying networks. However, when planning a large residential town or city, the concrete plan of the energy infrastructure has not been established until the construction plan stage and provided by the individual energy suppliers of water, heat, electricity and gas. So, it is difficult to build the efficient energy portfolio considering the characteristics of town or city. This paper introduces an energy mix optimization(EMO) method to determine the optimal capacity of thermal and electric resources which can be applied in the design stage of the real largescaled residential town or city, and examines the feasibility of the proposed method by applying the real heat and electricity demand data of large-scale residential towns with thousands of households and by comparing the result of HOMER simulation developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL).

Thermal and Electrical Energy Mix Optimization(EMO) Method for Real Large-scaled Residential Town Plan

Kang, Cha-Nyeong,Cho, Soo-Hwan The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2018 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.13 No.1

Since Paris Climate Change Conference in 2015, many policies to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas have been accelerating, which are mainly related to renewable energy resources and micro-grid. Presently, the technology development and demonstration projects are mostly focused on diversifying the power resources by adding wind turbine, photo-voltaic and battery storage system in the island-type small micro-grid. It is expected that the large-scaled micro-grid projects based on the regional district and town/complex city, e.g. the block type micro-grid project in Daegu national industrial complex will proceed in the near future. In this case, the economic cost or the carbon emission can be optimized by the efficient operation of energy mix and the appropriate construction of electric and heat supplying facilities such as cogeneration, renewable energy resources, BESS, thermal storage and the existing heat and electricity supplying networks. However, when planning a large residential town or city, the concrete plan of the energy infrastructure has not been established until the construction plan stage and provided by the individual energy suppliers of water, heat, electricity and gas. So, it is difficult to build the efficient energy portfolio considering the characteristics of town or city. This paper introduces an energy mix optimization(EMO) method to determine the optimal capacity of thermal and electric resources which can be applied in the design stage of the real large-scaled residential town or city, and examines the feasibility of the proposed method by applying the real heat and electricity demand data of large-scale residential towns with thousands of households and by comparing the result of HOMER simulation developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL).

냉동과 해동 방법이 오리고기의 특성에 미치는 영향

허강녕(Kang-Nyeong Heo),김지혁(Ji-Hyuk Kim),김상호(Sang-Ho Kim),강보석(Bo-Seok Kang),김종대(Chong-Dae Kim),차재범(Jae-Beom Cha),홍의철(Eui-Chul Hong) 한국가금학회 2016 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.43 No.4

본 연구는 냉동과 해동 방법에 따른 토종오리고기의 육질특성을 비교하기 위해 수행하였다. 본 시험에 사용된 공시재료는 8주령 토종오리(평균체중 2.8 kg)를 도압(屠鴨)하여 채취한 가슴육을 이용하였다. 본 시험의 처리구는 냉동 전 신선육을 대조구(CON)로 하고, 시험구는 냉동 2처리(급냉(FF), 완냉(SF)와 해동 2처리(급해동(FT), 완해동(ST))의 2×2 복합요인으로 4처리구로 하여 총 5처리구(CON, FFFT, FFST, SFFT, SFST), 처리구당 3반복, 반복당 3점씩 총 45점을 이용하였다. 급냉(시료를 —50℃ deep freezer에서 보관)과 완냉(시료를 —20℃ 냉동고에 보관)의 두 가지 방법으로 냉동된 시료를 1개월 저장 후, 급해동(12℃ 5시간의 유수해동)과 완해동(5℃ 24시간 냉장고 해동)의 두 가지 방법으로 해동하여 분석에 이용하였다. 육색 중 명도는 급냉시킨 경우와 급해동시킨 경우에 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 감소되었다(P<0.05). 황색도는 완해동시킨 경우에는 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 물리적 성상 중 가열감량과 보수력은 대조구가 냉동과 해동 처리구에 비해 낮게 나타난 반면에(P<0.01, P<0.05), 전단력은 냉동과 행동 처리구에 비해 대조구에서 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 화학적 성상 중 수분의 함량은 완해동한 경우에 급해동에 비해 높게 나타났으며(P<0.05), 단백질 함량은 급해동한 경우 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). Myristic acid(C14:0)와 linolenic acid(C18:3n3) 함량은 대조구에서 냉동과 해동 처리구에 비해 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). Stearic acid(C18:0) 함량은 완냉동시킨 경우에 급냉동의 경우보다 높게 나타났으며(P<0.05), 해동의 경우에는 처리구간 유의차를 보이지 않았다. Arachidonic acid(C20:4n6)은 완냉동과 완해동의 경우에 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.01, P<0.05). 필수아미노산 중 대조구의 threonine, glycine, iso-leucine, leucine, tryptophan 함량은 냉동과 해동 처리구에서 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 높은 함량을 나타내었다(P<0.05). Methonine과 valine 함량은 해동에 따른 차이는 보이지 않았으나, 냉동 처리시대조구에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 비필수아미노산 중 alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, tyrosine 함량은 대조구에서 냉동과 해동처리구보다 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(P<0.01, P<0.05). 결론적으로, 토종오리고기의 냉동 및 해동은 수분과 관련된 육색, 전단력, 가열감량, 보수력에 영향을 미치는 것으로 보여진다. This work was carried out to investigate effects of the freezing/thawing method on duck meat kept in a freezer for a month. The meats used were breast muscle collected from Korean native ducks (KND) that were fed for 8 weeks (2.8kg of live weight). Forty-five samples were used after being frozen in storage for one month and were then divided into 5 treatments (3 replications/treatment, 3 samples/replication). Five treatments (CON, FFFT, FFST, SFFT and SFST) were control groups (CON) and four were experimental groups, using 2×2 complex factors with two freezing methods (fast freezing, FF, —50℃ in a deep freezer; slow freezing, SF, —20℃ in a common freezer) and two thawing methods (fast thawing, FT, 5 h 12℃ with flow water; slow thawing, ST, 24 h 5℃ in a refrigerator). Lightness of KND meat in FF and FT groups was lower than that of control (P<0.05). Yellowness of KND meat of the ST group was higher than that of control (P<0.05). Cooking loss (CL) and water holding capacity (WHC) of KND meat in the control were lower than those of the freezing and thawing groups (P<0.01, P<0.05), but shear force (SF) of the control was higher than that of other groups (P<0.01). Moisture content of the ST group was higher than that of the FT group (P<0.05), and protein content of the FF group was higher than that of control (P<0.05). Stearic acid (C18:0) of the SF group was higher than that of the FF group (P<0.05). Arachidonic acid (C20:4n6) of control was higher than that of the SF and ST groups (P<0.01, P<0.05). Alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, and tyrosine content of the control were lower than that of the freezing and thawing groups (P<0.05). These results show that freezing and thawing methods affect meat color, shear force, cooking loss, and WHC-related water content.

분산부하 전압강하 계산 프로그램

강차녕(Cha-Nyeong Kang) 대한전기학회 2005 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2005 No.7

백색 토종오리의 성장능력 검정과 균일도 연구

허강녕(Kang-Nyeong Heo),추효준(Hyo-Jun Choo),강보석(Bo-Seok Kang),김상호(Sang-Ho Kim),김종대(Chong-Dae Kim),차재범(Jae-Beom Cha),홍의철(Eui-Chul Hong) 한국가금학회 2016 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.43 No.1

본 연구는 다른 지역에서 수집된 백색 토종오리의 생산성과 균일도를 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 공시동물은 토종오리 종란에서 발생된 병아리 중 백색을 가진 개체를 선별하여 이용하였다. 시험설계는 오리들을 지역에 따른 두 그룹(J, H)으로 나누고, 암수를 분리하여 2×2의 복합요인으로 4처리구, 처리구당 4반복, 반복당 15수씩 총 240수를 완전임의 배치하여 생산성과 균일도를 조사하였다. 주령별 체중은 1주령을 제외하고 H군의 체중이 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 암수 간 체중은 6주령부터 수컷의 체중이 암컷에 비해 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 균일도는 J군이 1주령에 높게 나타났으며, 암수 비교에서는 6주령에 암컷의 균일도가 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 증체량은 H군이 J군에 비해 높게 나타났으며(P<0.05), 6∼7주령에는 수컷의 증체량이 암컷에 비해 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). H군의 사료섭취량은 J군에 비해 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 그러나 암수 간 비교에서는 사료섭취량의 차이를 보이지 않았다. 사료요구율의 경우, 4∼5주령, 7∼8주령 그리고 0∼8주령에 J군이 높게 나타났으며(P<0.05), 1∼2주령, 5∼6주령, 6∼7주령 및 0∼8주령에 수컷의 사료요구율이 암컷보다 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 결론적으로, 백색 토종오리의 성적은 J군에 비해 H군이 우수한 경향이었다. 백색토종오리의 실용화를 위해서는 균일도와 생산성뿐만 아니라, 육질이나 유전적 특성에 대하여 추가적인 연구가 지속되어야 할 것이다. This study was carried out to evaluate performance and uniformity of White Korean native ducks collected from two areas in Korea. White ducklings were selected from all ducklings that were hatched from hatchery eggs of Korean native ducks. A total of two hundred forty white ducklings (1-d-old) were used in this work and were divided into 4 groups (4 replicates/group, 15 birds/replicate) with 2×2 factors (2 groups, J, H; genders, male and female). Weekly body weight of H groups was higher than that of J groups (P<0.05). Also, weekly body weight of male ducks was higher compared to that of female at 6∼8 wk old (P<0.05). Uniformity of J groups was higher than that of H groups at the age of 1 wks old (P<0.05), and that of female duck was higher than that of male at the age of 6 wks old (P<0.05). Body weight gain of H group was higher than that of J group (P<0.05), and that of male duck was higher compared to that of female at 6∼7 wks old (P<0.05). Feed intake of H group was higher compared to that of J group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between male and female on feed intake. On feed conversion ratio, J group was higher than H group at 4∼5 wks, 7∼8 wks and 0∼8 wks old (P<0.05), and feed conversion ratio of male duck was higher than that of female at 1∼2 wks, 5∼6 wks and 6∼7 wks old. Finally, these results was tended to show that performance of H groups was higher than that of J groups. Further researches need to carry out to commercial White Korean native ducks on performance and uniformity as well as meat quality and genetic characteristic.

다중 분산부하 전압강하산정 프로그램 연구

강차녕(Cha-Nyeong Kang),권세혁(Sae-Hyuk Kwon),조성필(Sung-Pil Cho) 한국조명·전기설비학회 2006 한국조명·전기설비학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.5월

전선에서 전압강하는 열 손실을 의미한다. 이 열은 절연체의 특성을 변화시켜 절연성능을 저하시키게 되고 나아가 누전, 감전, 정전 및 화재 등의 사고를 일으키는 원인이 되기도 한다. 그러므로 전압강하에 대한 최적화 설계는 전기설비의 안전성과 경제성을 보장하는 중요한 요소가 되고 있다 이에 저압의 전기설비인 가로등, 빌딩, 지하철역사 등 공공의 안전확보가 요구되는 다중 분산부하계통에서의 전압강하가 전기배선에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 안전성 및 경제성 확보를 위한 전압강하산정 프로그램 및 최적화 방안을 연구 제시하고자 한다.

토종 실용오리 생산을 위한 교배조합 설정 및 성장능력 비교

허강녕(Kang-Nyeong Heo),김지혁(Ji-Hyuk Kim),김상호(Sang-Ho Kim),강보석(Bo-Seok Kang),김종대(Chong-Dae Kim),방한태(Han-Tae Bang),차재범(Jae-Beom Cha),김학규(Hak-Kyu Kim),추효준(Hyo-Jun Choo),홍의철(Eui-Chul Hong) 한국가금학회 2015 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.42 No.2

토종 부모계통 종계 간 교배 실용계의 경제능력 검정

차재범(Jae-Beom Cha),홍의철(Eui-Chul Hong),김상호(Sang-Ho Kim),김종대(Chong-Dae Kim),허강녕(Kang-Nyeong Heo),추효준(Hyo-Jun Choo),오기석(Ki-Seok Oh),강보석(Bo-Seok Kang) 한국가금학회 2016 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.43 No.4

본 시험은 국내 실정에 맞는 토종 실용계 생산을 위한 13교배종의 능력을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 공시동물은 국내에서 사육되고 있는 토종 순종계를 이용하여 생산된 종계 부계통 2종(A, B)과 모계종 6종(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)을 교배하여 생산된 12종(1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 6A, 6B)과 일반 토종닭 교배종(‘한협3호’, HH)의 총 13종, 종당 100수씩 총 1,300수를 암수 합사하여 공시하였다. 시험사료는 0∼7일령까지는 육계초이사료(CP 22.0% ME 3,150 kcal/kg), 8일령부터 체중 800 g까지는 육계전기사료(CP 19.0% ME 3,150 kcal/kg), 체중 800 g∼12주령까지는 육계후기사료(CP 18.0% ME 3,150 kcal/kg)를 급여하였다. 주요 조사항목은 수정률과 부화율, 체중, 균일도, 사료요구율, 생산지수 그리고 경제성 등이었다. 수정률은 1B종이 가장 높았으며, 6B와 HH종이 낮게 나타났다. 수정란 대비 부화율은 87.5∼89%, 입란대비 부화율은 76.9∼92.3%로 나타났으며, 4B와 6B종이 낮은 수치를 보였다. HH종의 주령별 체중은 다른 교배종에 비해 낮게 나타났다. 체중의 CV가는 12.5∼18.2%로 13종 모두 12%보다 높게 나타났으며, 특히 2B, 3B, 5B, HH종에서 높게 나타났다. 누적 사료요구율은 6, 8, 10, 12주령에 각각 1.7 ∼2.3, 2.1∼2.5, 2.4∼2.7 및 2.7∼3.2로 나타났다. 주령별 생산지수는 2A, 3A, HH종에서 낮게 나타났으며, 주령이 경과함에 따라 생산지수는 감소하였다. kg 증체당 사료비는 육계초기 1,069∼1,255원, 육계전기 1,100∼1,263원, 육계후기 1.468∼1,696원으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과를 분석한 결과, 기존 토종닭보다 생산성이 우수하고 경제성을 갖춘 새로운 토종 실용계 선발이 가능하다는 결론을 도출하였다. This work was carried out to investigate the ability of thirteen crossbreds for production of commercial chicken (CC) of Korean native chicken to be cut out for Korean circumstance. Total of one thousand three hundred of crossbreds were divided thirteen groups (100 birds/group) that were twelve groups (1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 6A, 6B) to crossbreed with two sires (A, B) and six dams (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) of parent stock (PS) of Korean native chicken and one group (HH) as commercial Korean native chicken. Experimental diets were starter diet (0∼7d; CP 22.0% ME 3,150 kcal/kg), early diet (8d∼Wt 800 g; CP 19.0% ME 3,150 kcal/kg) and finished diet (Wt 800 g∼12 wk; CP 18.0% ME 3,150 kcal/kg). Fertility of 1B group was higher than other groups. Hatchability per fertilization eggs and hatchability per setting eggs were 87.5∼89% and 87.9∼96.3%, respectively, and those of 4B and 6B groups were lower compared to other groups. Weekly body weight of HH group was lower than other groups. CV values of body weight of thirteen groups were showed over 12% as 12.5∼18.2%, and especially, those of 2B, 3B, 5B, HH groups were lower compared to other groups. Weekly feed conversion ratios (FCRs) of 13 crossbreds were 1.7∼2.3, 2.1∼2.5, 2.4∼2.7 and 2.7∼3.2 at the age of 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks, respectively. Weekly production indexes of 2A, 3A and HH groups were the lower than other groups and those of thirteen groups decreased following weeks. Feed costs per body weight gain (kg) were 1,069∼1,255 won, 1,100∼1,263 won, and 1.468∼1,696 won at starter, earlier and finished period of broilers. These results leaded down to conclusion to be possible selection of new Korean native commercial chicken that have the excellent performance and economics.

다중 분산부하 전압강하산정 프로그램

강차녕,권세혁,조성필,Kang, Cha-Nyeong,Kwon, Sae-Hyuk,Cho, Sung-Pil 한국조명전기설비학회 2007 조명·전기설비학회논문지 Vol.21 No.2

전기배선에서 전압강하의 발생을 피할 수는 없다. 전기배선에서 발생되는 전압강하는 열 손실을 의미한다. 이 열은 절연체의 특성을 변화시키게 되고 이로 인하여 절연성능을 저하시키게 되며 나아가 누전, 감전, 정전 및 화재 등의 사고를 일으키는 원인이 되기도 한다. 그러므로 전기배선의 설계시에 전압강하에 대한 최적화 설계는 안전성, 경제성을 결정하는 중요한 요소가 된다. 본 연구에서는 저압의 전기설비인 가로등, 빌딩, 지하철역사 등 공공의 안전확보가 최우선 요구되는 다중 분산부하계통에서의 전압강하가 전기배선에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 안전성 및 경제성 제고를 위한 전압강하 최적화 방안 및 설계 프로그램 개발을 하였다. A voltage drop in the electrical circuit must be unavoidable. The voltage drop in the electrical circuit means a loss of heat. The heat lost would change the characteristics of the insulator and thus, the insulating performance would be towered resulting in electric leakage, electric shock, power failure, fire and other accidents. Hence, an optimized design against the voltage drop in the electrical circuit must be an important factor determining safety and economy of electrical facilities. This study analyzed the effects of voltage drop on the electrical circuit for such low-voltage electrical facilities requiring the public safety foremost and subject to multi-distributed random loads as street lamps, buildings and subway stations, and thereupon, developed an optimized voltage drop computation program to enhance safety and economy of those electrical facilities.