Global analyses of endonucleolytic cleavage in mammals reveal expanded repertoires of cleavage-inducing small RNAs and their targets

Cass, Ashley A.,Bahn, Jae Hoon,Lee, Jae-Hyung,Greer, Christopher,Lin, Xianzhi,Kim, Yong,Hsiao, Yun-Hua Esther,Xiao, Xinshu Oxford University Press 2016 Nucleic acids research Vol.44 No.7

<P>In mammals, small RNAs are important players in post-transcriptional gene regulation. While their roles in mRNA destabilization and translational repression are well appreciated, their involvement in endonucleolytic cleavage of target RNAs is poorly understood. Very few microRNAs are known to guide RNA cleavage. Endogenous small interfering RNAs are expected to induce target cleavage, but their target genes remain largely unknown. We report a systematic study of small RNA-mediated endonucleolytic cleavage in mouse through integrative analysis of small RNA and degradome sequencing data without imposing any bias toward known small RNAs. Hundreds of small cleavage-inducing RNAs and their cognate target genes were identified, significantly expanding the repertoire of known small RNA-guided cleavage events. Strikingly, both small RNAs and their target sites demonstrated significant overlap with retrotransposons, providing evidence for the long-standing speculation that retrotransposable elements in mRNAs are leveraged as signals for gene targeting. Furthermore, our analysis showed that the RNA cleavage pathway is also present in human cells but affecting a different repertoire of retrotransposons. These results show that small RNA-guided cleavage is more widespread than previously appreciated. Their impact on retrotransposons in non-coding regions shed light on important aspects of mammalian gene regulation.</P>

Strategic Responses to Antidumping Laws and Legal Interpretations : Producing for Export Markets Using Lawyers and Other Factors of Production

Cassing, James H. 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1994 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.9 No.2

This paper explores in the context of a stylized model of dumping some possible strategic responses to the use of "cumulation" and "threat of material injury" in dumping investigation. In particular, it is shown that these guidelines for investigations can change the payoff structure of competition abroad and thereby induce reduced competition and optimal - from an individual firm point of view - excess capacity.

Equalizing the Cost of Success : Equitable Graduation Rules and the Generalized System of Preferences

Cassing, James H.,Hillman, Arye L. 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1991 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.6 No.1

The developing countries which are beneficiaries of the GSP have reason to seek an objectiviely specified graduation rule to minimize the discretion of the U. S. government regarding who graduates and when. Current rules based on per capita income, however, are not horizontally equitable across countries as they punish openness. We analyze this point in a stylized model of international trade and propose some alternative rules which may have some appeal to policy-makers in the U. S. and developing countries.

아일랜드 문화와 디자인

John Cass 한국디자인문화학회 1998 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.4 No.1

Special Edition: Antidumping Laws and Their Enforcements Guest Editor: James Hartigan : Strategic Responses to Antidumping Laws and Legal Interpretations: Producing for Export Markets Using Lawyers and Other Factors of Production

( James H. Cassing ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 1994 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.9 No.2

This paper explores in the context of a stylized model of dumping some possible strategic responses to the use of "cumulation" and "threat of material injury" in dumping investigations. In particular, it is shown that these guidelines for investigations can change the payoff structure of competition abroad and thereby induce reduced competition and optimal-from an individual firm point of view-excess capacity.

Articles : Equalizing the Cost of Success: Equitable Graduation Rules and the Generalized System of Preferences

( James H. Cassing ),( Arye L. Hillman ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 1991 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.6 No.1

The developing countries which are beneficiaries of the GSP have reason to seek an objectiviely specified graduation rule to minimize the discretion of the U.S. government regarding who graduates and when. Current rules based on per capita income, however, are not horizontally equitable across countries as they punish openness. We analyze this point in a stylized model of international trade and propose some alternative rules which may have some appeal to policy-makers in the U.S. and developing countries.

Visual Sensitivity Underlying Changes in Visual Consciousness

Alais, David,Cass, John,O'Shea, Robert P.,Blake, Randolph Elsevier 2010 Current biology Vol.20 No.15

<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>When viewing a different stimulus with each eye, we experience the remarkable phenomenon of binocular rivalry: alternations in consciousness between the stimuli [<ce:cross-refs refid='bib1 bib2'>1, 2</ce:cross-refs>]. According to a popular theory first proposed in 1901, neurons encoding the two stimuli engage in reciprocal inhibition [<ce:cross-refs refid='bib3 bib4 bib5 bib6 bib7 bib8'>3–8</ce:cross-refs>] so that those processing one stimulus inhibit those processing the other, yielding consciousness of one dominant stimulus at any moment and suppressing the other. Also according to the theory, neurons encoding the dominant stimulus adapt, weakening their activity and the inhibition they can exert, whereas neurons encoding the suppressed stimulus recover from adaptation until the balance of activity reverses, triggering an alternation in consciousness. Despite its popularity, this theory has one glaring inconsistency with data: during an episode of suppression, visual sensitivity to brief probe stimuli in the dominant eye should decrease over time and should increase in the suppressed eye, yet sensitivity appears to be constant [<ce:cross-refs refid='bib9 bib10'>9, 10</ce:cross-refs>]. Using more appropriate probe stimuli (experiment 1) in conjunction with a new method (experiment 2), we found that sensitivities in dominance and suppression do show the predicted complementary changes.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► We devised a new method to probe contrast sensitivity during rivalry episodes ► Sensitivity of the dominant eye declines; sensitivity of the suppressed eye improves ► Sensitivities are similar just prior to a switch of perceptual dominance ► This confirms predictions from the reciprocal inhibition theory of binocular rivalry</P>

WHEN DO CUSTOMER PARTICIPATION AND SUPPLIER COLLABORATION HELP B2B SERVICE FIRMS OFFER SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE VALUE AND RELATIONAL VALUE?

Nima Heirati,Aron O’Cass,Klaus Schoefer 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.11

Deciding what value to offer to customers is a key managerial task in differentiating a service in the market and in satisfying customer needs better than competitors. This task is more critical for B2B services because customer satisfaction results from both the customer’s actual experience with the service and the ongoing interactions a customer has with the service provider. Previous research supports this view by showing that a service’s performance and relational value offerings are paramount in driving customer satisfaction; however, the distinct effect of each of these value offerings on customer satisfaction has not been fully explained. Using a multi-informant design and data from 173 B2B service firms, our study provides a deeper understanding of how the outcomes of performance and relational value vary at different levels of customer participation and supplier collaboration in a B2B service project. This deeper understanding helps managers to identify precisely the conditions under which a specific configuration of performance and relational value offerings is more or less influential with respect to customer satisfaction.

DO EXPLORATORY AND EXPLOITATIVE MARKETING CAPABILITIES REALLY BENEFIT FROM MARKET KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT AND EXTERNAL TIES IN NEW PRODUCT SUCCESS?

Nima Heirati,Aron O’Cass 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.10

While the necessity of closing the marketing capabilities gap is an important issue, little is known about the mechanisms that enable firms create and refine marketing capabilities to market new products. Although it is suggested that market knowledge enables firms to create and refine marketing capabilities, little is known about why some firms are better at generating market knowledge or the extent market knowledge development impacts marketing capabilities. We advance the literature by showing that the development of market knowledge through internal processes is not sole or main foundation, external ties are also required to facilitate closing the marketing capabilities gap. Building on the literature on organizational ambidexterity, relational governance, and positional advantages, we examine the extent that external ties facilitate the effect of the firm’s market knowledge development processes (MKD) on exploratory and exploitative marketing capabilities. We use the positional advantage principle (Day & Wensley, 1988) to uncover the path that exploratory and exploitative marketing capabilities drive new product success through. Data from a sample of 169 industrial firms using a multi-informant design shows that the interplay between MKD and external ties provide the foundation to build exploratory and exploitative marketing capabilities to successfully market new products. Given the differences in the nature (e.g., goal convergence, longevity) and knowledge embedded in business and political ties, we draw attention to the different impacts that business and political ties have in helping to build exploratory and exploitative marketing capabilities. Our findings reveal that business ties promote the positive effect of MKD on exploitative marketing, indicating that business ties promote a firm’s capacity to improve its existing marketing routines. Political ties, however, enhance the positive effect of MKD on exploratory marketing, indicating that political ties provide support required to create new marketing initiatives (e.g., new distribution channel). Further, we show that distinct positional advantages, differentiation and cost efficiency, help explain how exploratory and exploitative marketing capabilities may be more or less effective in driving new product success. Our results suggest that while both new product differentiation and cost efficiency are significant drivers of NPP, their antecedents are different. Hence, achieving fit between the preferred positional advantage(s) and the type of marketing capabilities represents a critical determinant of new product success.

DO EXPLORATORY AND EXPLOITATIVE MARKETING CAPABILITIES REALLY BENEFIT FROM MARKET KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT AND EXTERNAL TIES IN NEW PRODUCT SUCCESS?

Nima Heirati,Aron O’Cass 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7

While the necessity of closing the marketing capabilities gap is an important issue, little is known about the mechanisms that enable firms create and refine marketing capabilities to market new products. Although it is suggested that market knowledge enables firms to create and refine marketing capabilities, little is known about why some firms are better at generating market knowledge or the extent market knowledge development impacts marketing capabilities. We advance the literature by showing that the development of market knowledge through internal processes is not sole or main foundation, external ties are also required to facilitate closing the marketing capabilities gap. Building on the literature on organizational ambidexterity, relational governance, and positional advantages, we examine the extent that external ties facilitate the effect of the firm’s market knowledge development processes (MKD) on exploratory and exploitative marketing capabilities. We use the positional advantage principle (Day & Wensley, 1988) to uncover the path that exploratory and exploitative marketing capabilities drive new product success through. Data from a sample of 169 industrial firms using a multi-informant design shows that the interplay between MKD and external ties provide the foundation to build exploratory and exploitative marketing capabilities to successfully market new products. Given the differences in the nature (e.g., goal convergence, longevity) and knowledge embedded in business and political ties, we draw attention to the different impacts that business and political ties have in helping to build exploratory and exploitative marketing capabilities. Our findings reveal that business ties promote the positive effect of MKD on exploitative marketing, indicating that business ties promote a firm’s capacity to improve its existing marketing routines. Political ties, however, enhance the positive effect of MKD on exploratory marketing, indicating that political ties provide support required to create new marketing initiatives (e.g., new distribution channel). Further, we show that distinct positional advantages, differentiation and cost efficiency, help explain how exploratory and exploitative marketing capabilities may be more or less effective in driving new product success. Our results suggest that while both new product differentiation and cost efficiency are significant drivers of NPP, their antecedents are different. Hence, achieving fit between the preferred positional advantage(s) and the type of marketing capabilities represents a critical determinant of new product success.