Security Threat Identification and Prevention among Secondary Users in Cognitive Radio Networks

Reshma, CR.,Arun, kumar B.R International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2021 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.21 No.5

The Cognitive radio (CR) is evolving technology for managing the spectrum bandwidth in wireless network. The security plays a vital role in wireless network where the secondary users are trying to access the primary user's bandwidth. During the allocation the any malicious user either he pretends to be primary user or secondary user to access the vital information's such as credentials, hacking the key, network jam, user overlapping etc. This research paper discusses on various types of attack and to prevent the attack in cognitive radio network. In this research, secondary users are identified by the primary user to access the primary network by the secondary users. The secondary users are given authorization to access the primary network. If any secondary user fails to provide the authorization, then that user will be treated as the malicious user. In this paper two approaches are suggested one by applying elliptic curve cryptography and the other method by using priority-based service access.

Antihyperlipidemic effects of alcoholic extract of Pongamia pinnata Linn. leaves on high fat diet fed rats

CR Tenpe,G Mane,AB Upaganlawar,BV Ghule,PG Yeole 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2008 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.8 No.3

The objective of the study was to investigate the antihyperlipidemic activity of alcoholic extract of Pongamia pinnata Linn. (PPAE) leaves in rats fed with high fat diet (HFD). PPAE was administered orally in the divided doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/day for 30 days in HFD fed rats. Body weights were observed and the analysis of serum lipid profile was carried out on day 30. Marked decrease in the body weight, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) whereas significant increase in the levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) were observed after treatment with PPAE. However, PPAE in a dose of 250 mg/kg did not show significant (P < 0.05) increase in HDL levels. The PPAE also lowered TC: HDL-c and LDL: HDL-c ratios significantly suggesting it’s antihyperlipidemic and cardioprotective potential. The present work reveals that PPAE at the dose of 500 mg/kg/day exhibited significant (P < 0.01) antihyperlipidemic effects. The objective of the study was to investigate the antihyperlipidemic activity of alcoholic extract of Pongamia pinnata Linn. (PPAE) leaves in rats fed with high fat diet (HFD). PPAE was administered orally in the divided doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/day for 30 days in HFD fed rats. Body weights were observed and the analysis of serum lipid profile was carried out on day 30. Marked decrease in the body weight, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) whereas significant increase in the levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) were observed after treatment with PPAE. However, PPAE in a dose of 250 mg/kg did not show significant (P < 0.05) increase in HDL levels. The PPAE also lowered TC: HDL-c and LDL: HDL-c ratios significantly suggesting it’s antihyperlipidemic and cardioprotective potential. The present work reveals that PPAE at the dose of 500 mg/kg/day exhibited significant (P < 0.01) antihyperlipidemic effects.

Antihyperlipidemic effects of alcoholic extract of Pongamia pinnata Linn. leaves on high fat diet fed rats

Tenpe, CR,Mane, G,Upaganlawar, AB,Ghule, BV,Yeole, PG Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center 2008 Oriental pharmacy and experimental medicine Vol.8 No.3

The objective of the study was to investigate the antihyperlipidemic activity of alcoholic extract of Pongamia pinnata Linn. (PPAE) leaves in rats fed with high fat diet (HFD). PPAE was administered orally in the divided doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/day for 30 days in HFD fed rats. Body weights were observed and the analysis of serum lipid profile was carried out on day 30. Marked decrease in the body weight, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) whereas significant increase in the levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) were observed after treatment with PPAE. However, PPAE in a dose of 250 mg/kg did not show significant (P < 0.05) increase in HDL levels. The PPAE also lowered TC: HDL-c and LDL: HDL-c ratios significantly suggesting it's antihyperlipidemic and cardioprotective potential. The present work reveals that PPAE at the dose of 500 mg/kg/day exhibited significant (P < 0.01) antihyperlipidemic effects.

제대진결절로 인한 자궁내 태아사망의 1예

김정록(CR Kim),강갑수(KS Kang),송민자(MZ Song),호삼수(SS Hoh) 대한산부인과학회 1968 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.11 No.12

A tight true knot of the umbilical cord was formed at the third trimester of pregnancy and death of the fetus resulted in the uterus. The patient was a 34-year-old Korean female, gravida V and para iv. The last mestrual period was on June 25, 1963 and she had quickening in November, 1963. The fetal movement ceased on March 16, 1964. Therefore, on March 21, 1964, she was admitted and membrane rupture was artificially performed. Eight hours later a macerated male fetus was delivered and a true knot was seen at the middle part of the umbilical cord(Fig.1).

분만중 자연자궁파열의 1 예

안정례(CR Ahn),이순해(SB Rhee),전춘희(HC Chun),조면호(MH Cho) 대한산부인과학회 1967 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.10 No.2

In the 6 year period from Jan. 1961 to Dec. 1966, a single case of spontaneous rupture of intact preg- nant uterus during labor was experienced in a total of 11,111 deliveries at Ewhn Womans University Hospital, Seoul. The patient, gravida 7, para 3, 31 year of age, term pregnant woman was admitted into the labor room in Nov. 30, 1966 with ceasing pain following some 4½ hours active labor pain at home. The past history revealed that only she has had two times early spontaneous abortions and a tubal pregnancy of one year previousely. On the admission the cervix was fully dilated but without progressing and the pressenting part of the vertex was completely engaged. The B.P. was 90/0, pulse 132/min. The oxygen mask was applied to the patient although there was no any restlessness or pale appearance 2½ hour after the admission, X-ray pelvimetry was taken and showed a suggestive of borderline transvevese arrest although she has had 3 times normal vaginal deliveries previousely. She developed two times vomitings, then the B.P. suddenly dropped to 70/0 or 50/0, became pale, and evidently is in the shock. The abdomen, however, was so soft and the two different prominent parts could be palpated, suggestive of the fetal head and uterrine fundus. During the immediated laparatomy the B.P. was controlled by giving 5,000 c.c. of blood transfusion and total hysterectomy was performed in good condition for the longitudinal spontaeous rupture of left low portion of the uterus extending to the upper vaginal wall. In the spontaneous rupture of the uterus during labor or advanced stage especially in the lateral longi- tudinal rupture, the bleeding from the proximal end of the severed uterine artery seems tend to stop temporally probably due to the accumulated blood clots in the limited retroperitoneal space occuring the inital stage of the rupture. The bleeding from the lateral vesical plexus, however, was so proguse, never seemed to be stopped anatomically by the natural clotting mechanism. We would like to emphasize that searching and ligation of the silent proximal end of the uterine artery, masking in the numerous clots should never be missed since it will subseqquently pop up by the time of the clots resolution take place in 4~5 days as well as the B.P. back to normal level.

한국인의 임상적 국소 전립선암에 대한 병리학적 병기의 예측 노모그램

송채린,김진범,정 한,김청수,노재윤,안한종 大韓泌尿器科學會 2003 Korean Journal of Urology Vol.44 No.8

임신중 중증 자간전증 및 자간증에 대한 임상적 고찰

이기동(GD Lee),조충래(CR Cho),김수임(SI Kim),이순곤(SG Lee),이임순(IS Lee) 대한산부인과학회 1987 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.30 No.10

1980년 1월부터 1985년 12월까지 순천향 서울병원에서 분만한 총 9,105예 중 중증 자간전증 및 자간증 환자 170예와 순천향 구미병원에서 분만한 총 7,389예 중 중증 자간전증 및 자간증 환자 34예 및 1983년 8월부터 1985년 12월까지 천안 병원에서 분만한 총 2,481예 중 중증 자간전증 및 자간증 환자 91예를 대상으로 정상 대조군과 비교후 통계학적으로 서로 비교 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 임신중 중증 자간전증 및 자간증의 발생 빈도는 서울 1.9%, 구미 0.5%였고, 천안 3.7%를 나타내어 이중 순천향 천안 병원의 발생 빈도가 가장 높은 빈도를 보였다. 2. 경증 자간전증은 구미 병원에서 88.5%로 가장 높았고, 중증 자간전증은 천안 병원에서 47.5%로 가장 높았고, 자간증은 천안 병원에서 9.5%로 가장 높은 치를 보였다. 3. 연령별 발생 빈도는 서울, 천안 병원에서는 40셰 이상에서 가장 높았으나, 구미 병원에서는 20세 미만에서 가장 높은 빈도를 보였다. 4. 분만횟수별 빈도를 보면 서울, 천안, 구미병원에서 모두 초산부에 가장 높은 빈도를 보였다. 5. 계절별 발생 빈도는 서울, 천안 병원에서는 각각 4, 3월게 가장 높았으나, 구미 병원에서는 1월에 가장 높았다. 6. 쌍태 임신의 발생 빈도는 단일 임신에 비해 서울, 천안, 구미 병원에서는 각각 7, 15, 7배로서 이중 천안 병원에서 가장 높은 빈도를 보였다. 7. 태아 성별에 의한 발생 빈도의 차이는 없었다. 8. 동반된 질환은 서울, 천안, 구미 병원에서 빈혈, 조기파수가 가장 많았고, 쌍태임신, 태반 조기박리등이 동반되었다. 9. 분만방법은 자연질식분만이 가장 높았으나 다른 보고자에 비해 낮으며 제왕절개술이 약간 높았으며 이중 천안 병원에서 39.6%로 가장 높았으나, 통계적 의의는 없었다. 10. 임신 기간은 서울, 구미 병원에서는 37∼40주에서 각각 61.2%, 55.9%로 가장 높았고, 천안 병원에서는 25주 미만에서 38.5%로 가장 높았다. 11. 신생아 체중은 단일 임신군보다 비교적 적었으며, 2,500gm미만이 서울 20%, 구미 32.4%였고, 천안 병원에서는 60.4%로 가장 높았다. 12. 주산기 합병증으로는 저체중 출생아, 사산아, 신생아 사망등이 있었으며, 천안 병원에서 가장 높은 빈도를 보였다. It is well known that pregnancy induced hypertension is one of the important problems in Obstetrics, which has one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Despite extensive investigation along many different lines, the pathogenesis has remained obscure and the treatment was done only for symptoms and signs. So complete prenatal care can only prevent the development of pregnancy induced hypertension and complications. A clinical study was undertaken on 170 cases of severe form of preeclampsia and eclampsia among the 9105 pregnants who were admitted to Seoul and 34 cases among the 7389 pregnants to Kumi Soonchunhyang hospital for delivery from Jan. 1980 to Dec. 1985 and 91 cases among the 2481 pregnants admitted to Chunan Soonchunhyang hospital from Aug. 1983 to Dec. 1985. The results were as follows: 1. The total incidence of severe form of preeclampsia and eclampsia in pregnancies was 1.6%(295) of 18,975 deliveries. 2. The incidence of Seoul, Kumi and Chunan hospital was 1.9%, 0.5% and 3.7% rrespectively. The incidence of Chunan hospital was highest. 3. The rate of mild form of preeclampsia was highest at Kumi hospital(88.5%). The rate of severe form of preeclampsia was highest at Chunan hospital(47.5%). The rate of eclampsia was highest at Chunan hospital(9.5%). 4. At Seoul and Chunan hospital, the frequency of disease was higher in the age group above 40 years old but at Kumi hospital, higher under 20 years old. 5. According to parity, the higher frequency was noted in primipara at three hospitals. 6. Among 12 months, at Seoul and Chunan hospitals, the disease was more frequently seen in April and March but at Kumi hospital, higher in January. 7. The incidence of the disease in twin pregnancy was 7.0%, 7.0% and 15.0% at Seoul, Kumi and Chunan hospital respectively and then at Chunan hospital was highest.

이구순 및 구강의 무뇌체 1례보고

김영수(YS Kim),김정록(CR Kim),김재욱(JU Kim),호삼수(SS Hoh) 대한산부인과학회 1969 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.12 No.3

B.C.S. 28-year old Korea women, paraii, gravidaiii, was admitted because of hydromnios and no fetal movement of approximately 10 day at 7 months` pregnancy. Labor was induced with artificial menbrane rupture and I.V.P. The stilborn fetus was anencephalus with two mouthes. Autopsy The body weight was 1,150 gm.

질융모암의 1례 보고

홍용하(YH Hong),김정록(CR Kim),강갑수(KS Kang),계응심(WS Kei) 대한산부인과학회 1969 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.12 No.7

The length between the primary lesion of choriocarcinoa of the uterus at the surgical specimen and the vaginal metastatic lesion has not been clearly determined. The reported case was a 41-year-old Korean woman. The patient had undergone abdominal total hysterectomy on May 18, 1965 and the pathological ciagnosis was choriocarcinoma of the uterus. On January 28, 1969, two vaginal metastatic lesions were seen and the biopsy revealed choriocarcinoma of the vaginal wall. The chest X-ray wa negative. Thepatient expi- red on March 22, 1969 because of massive vaginal wall hemorrhage at home far away from the hospital. The length of interval was 3 years and 6 months. The case was the largest interval among our 10 cases, therefore the case was reported herein. (The authors wish to express the utmost appreciation to Professor Doctor Dong Hoon Lee for ofering this case and pictures, and also reviewing this report.)

산후출혈에 관하여 ( 1963.1 - 1966.8 )

조면호(MH Cho),안정례(CR Ahn),전춘혜(CH Chun),방선옥(SO Bang) 대한산부인과학회 1967 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.10 No.4

Hemorrhage is indeed one of the leading cause of maternal death and of postpartum infection. The hemorrhagic maternal mortality in Ewha Womans University Hospital during 1960-1966 was 9.3%, as the 3rd cause. Postpartum hemorrhage is defined as blood loss in excess of 500cc.If this occurs within the first 24 hours of delivery, it is clssified as late pospartum hemorrhage. The data presented here are based on 133 cases of pospartum hemorrhage including 89% of immedite and 44% of late type among total deliveries of 6595 in Ewha Womans University Hospital and 44 cases delivered at home or general practicians clinic during 4 yrars period from 1963 to 1966. The following results have bee obtained. 1. The incidence of immediate pospartum hemorrhage among total deliveries was 1:74, and of late postpartum hemorrhage was 1:50. For past 3 years the former has been reduced to 58-81% in Ewha. 2. Majority cases(79%) of immediate postpartum hemorrhage went into shock, but all were reco- vered well with 1250cc. of blood transfusion in average, including 3 cases of hysterectomy. The patients with late hemorrhage which mostly(71%) deliveried at home or by midwife(toxem- ic cases)and wich occurred later than 12 days after delivery revealed only 21% of shock cases- However this required more blood transfusion(1500-2000c.c.) and even 2 cases of hysterectomy were inevitable. 3. The main causes of immediate postpartum hemorrhage were uterine atony (87%), cervical laceration(7%), retained placental picies(6%), and jaundice due to liver cirrhosis(1 cases). The causative predisposing conditions contributing to atony were toxemia (43%) and enlarged uterus (13%) such as twins (10%), large fetus weighing 4 or more kg.(2%), and Hydramnios. 92% of toxemic cases has caused atony-type hemorrhage within first 24 hours of delivery. For last 3 years, over all immediate postpartum hemorrhage due to atony associated with enlarged uterus has been reduced significantly to 50% of the cases by routine prophylactic oxytocic intravenous infusion. 4. More than 2/3 cases(67%) of late postpartum hemorrhage were deliveried by midwive at home or by general practicians at the clinics. The Commonest cause of late postpartum hemorrhage were retained placental picies (41%), uterine subinvolution(25%), placental-site(23%), cervical laceration(2%). However, the incidence of placental picies retained was much lesser and constant (21-36%) in group of the patients deliveried in Ewha although we do not perform routine immediate uterine exploration. The conditions contributing to late postpartum hemorrhage were also toxemic patients(35%) which was mostly due to placental site of nonjnvolution(2/3 of cases), enlarged uterus(10%) including twins and 4 or more kg. fetus and forcep deliveries(5%).