천진(天津) 죄범습예소(罪犯習藝所)의 건설과 ‘근대’ 감옥의 탄생

조병식 ( Cho¸ Byungsik ) 대구사학회 2021 대구사학 Vol.144 No.-

본고에서는 光緖30년(1904)에 건설된 중국 최초의 신식 감옥인 天津罪犯習藝所의 성격을 규명하고자 하였다. 기왕의 연구에서는 죄범습예소를 전통 감옥에서 근대 감옥으로 이행하는 과도적 존재로 이해하였지만, 천진의 경우 ‘근대’ 감옥으로서의 면모를 갖추고 있었다. 이 점을 증명하기 위해 당시 저명한 감옥학자였던 오가와 시게지로오(小河滋次郞)의 고대/‘근대’ 감옥을 판별하는 3가지 기준을 차용하였다. 첫 번째 기준인 수감 대상에 있어서 천진 죄범습예소 건립 당초 기결수와 부랑자들을 함께 수감하였는데, 성격이 상이한 집단을 한 공간에 수감한다는 점에서 전통 감옥의 雜居와 맞닿아있었다. 그러나 光緖32년(1906) 遊民習藝所가 설립되어 부랑자 수용 시설이 별도로 마련되면서 죄범습예소는 기결수만을 감금하는 공간이 되었다. 두 번째 기준인 감옥의 목적과 관련해서 천진죄범습예소는 ‘범죄에 대한 응징’이라는 전통 감옥의 목적에서 탈피하고 수감자의 갱생과 출소 후의 생계 도모를 추구하였다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 위생과 방범에 중점을 둔 감옥 건축물이 건조되었고, 직무에 따라 관리 인원의 직위를 세분화하였다. 그리고 죄범습예소 내 총 6곳의 공장을 설립하여 수감자들이 수공업 기술을 습득하도록 하였다. 그러나 세 번째 기준인 경비 조달 문제는 순조롭게 해결되지 않았다. 특히 州縣에 할당한 수감자 비용은 죄범습예소 운영에 필수불가결한 비용이었지만 연체되는 일이 빈번하였다. 이 때문에 죄범습예소에서는 수감자들의 역량을 활용하여 적극적인 상품의 생산과 판매를 추진하였다. 죄범습예소의 공장화에 대한 直隷總督 袁世凱의 경고가 있었으나 죄범습예소의 안정적인 운영을 위해 불가피한 선택이었다. 이처럼 천진 죄범습예소는 오가와 시게지로오의 3가지 기준 가운데 2가지를 충족하였다. 그리고 경비 조달의 문제는 천진 차원에서 해결될 수 없는 문제였고, ‘근대’ 감옥을 표방하여 설립된 模範監獄 또한 동일한 문제에 처해 있었다. 따라서 천진 죄범습예소는 ‘근대’ 감옥으로의 과도 기적 존재라기보다는 ‘근대’ 감옥의 직접적인 시발점이라고 할 수 있을 것이다. This article analyzes and investigates the character of the Tianjin Criminal Workhouse(TCW), the first new style prison in China built in 1904. Previous studies considered the Criminal Workhouse as a transitional institution from a traditional prison to a modern prison, but in the case of Tianjin, it had the characters of a “modern” prison. To prove this point, this article borrowed three criteria for distinguishing traditional/modern prisons by Ogawa Shigejiro who was a prominent penologist at that time. The first criterion is who was detained. At the outset of the TCW, the convicted and the vagrant were imprisoned together. It was similar to the characteristic of traditional prison in that groups of different features were detained in one space. However, the Vagrant Workhouse, which accommodated only the vagrant, was established in 1906, and the TCW became a space where only the convicted were confined. The second criterion is the purpose of the prison. The TCW sought to break away from traditional prisons pursuing “retaliation for crimes” and to rehabilitate the convicted and prepare their livelihood after their release. To this end, new buildings were built with an emphasis on hygiene and crime prevention, and the positions were subdivided according to the roles of personnel. Furthermore, six factories were operated in the TCW so that inmates could learn handicraft. However, the financial problem, which is the third criterion, was not solved. In particular, the detention costs which were essential for the operation of the TCW and allocated to each counties were often unpaid. For this reason, the TCW used the inmates’ abilities to actively promote the production and sale of goods. Even though Yuan Shikai, the Zhili Governor-General, warned that the TCW would be transformed into a factory, but it was an avoidable choice for the stable operation of the TCW. In short, the TCW met two of the three criteria of Ogawa Shigejiro. The cost shortage was that the TCW could not be solved alone, and the Model Prison established under the guise of a “modern” prison also faced the same problem. Therefore, the TCW was a starting point for “modern” prison, rather than a transitional institution for “modern” prison. (Seoul National University/ pumkpie1@gmail.com)

쓰레기 매립장에서 동다짐 시험시공 사례연구

천병식 ( Chun¸ Byung-sik ),여유현 ( Yeoh¸ Yoo-hyeon ),임병수 ( Lim¸ Byoung-soo ) 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 2000 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.4 No.2

In this study, the evaluation for utilization of waste landfill was performed by field test to use waste landfill as construction site(Nangido in Seoul). This site had been formed by dredging the household waste, building debris and industrial waste for fifteen years(78'3 ~93'3). The site where dynamic compaction test was carried out was divided by 4 yard. Yard 1, 2 were not eliminated widening of cover soil and Yard 3, 4 were eliminated it. Dynamic Compaction Pilot Test was carried out by the 15ton heavy tamper with drop height of 20m in Yard 1, 3 and with drop height of 15m in Yard 2, 4. We evaluated the compaction ability, optimum compaction number and noise · vibration through field test, monitoring. As a result, If the countermeasures against vibration and noise by the method utilize, The dynamic compaction method is suitable for using in waste landfill as a construction site among the ground improvement method.

마이크로 복합실리카 그라우트재의 적용사례에 관한 연구

천병식 ( Chun¸ Byung-sik ),김진춘 ( Kim¸ Jin-chun ),정종주 ( Jung¸ Jong-ju ),이준우 ( Lee¸ Jun-woo ) 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 2000 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.4 No.2

In 1925, H.J. Joosten was the first in the world to use chemical injection grouts composed of sodium silicate and calcium chloride. This unique development prompted the introduction of other chemical grouting techniques. Among these chemical grouting techniques, sodium silicate based grout has been the most widely used in the world, but it has not been generally considered to be a permanent material. Therefore, studies to improve the weak points of sodium silicate based grout have been conducted, and new applications of grout were recently developed. We also developed the micro fine hybrid silicate grout of suspension type which properties are sepecialized as the high strength and durability, according to the reactant of special sodium silicate grout and the high strength hardener. As the results of this study we could derive to reduce the permeability of Micro fine hybrid Silicate grouting method(MS method) more than that of the ordinary sodium silicate grout. And also we could confirm that the micro fine hybrid silicate grout is higher infiltration of ordinary sodium silicate grout. As a result, micro fine hybrid silicate grout is considered to be applicable to the landfill and to be effective for the reduction of the permeability.

쓰레기 매립지에서 표충고화처리층의 건조수축특성

천병식 ( Chun¸ Byung-sik ),차용혁 ( Cha¸ Yong-hyuk ) 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 2000 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.4 No.2

With the shortage of the land and NIMBY syndrome, it is issued recently that the capacity of waste-landfill site is needed though the decreasing tendency of waste landfill. From this point, the stability is the most essential problem in the landfill that will be constructed Advanced design and construction are most important for that. In this paper, for the study of desiccation, dry-shrinkage crack from drying and chemical reaction in cement hydration, which is occurred when the surface layer stabilization method is applied in wast landfill, laboratory test of the ground and specimen according to the mixture ratio of stabilizer is performed From the result, it is notified that the uni-axial strength increases with the stabilizer, but dry-shrinkage increases too, therefore, it is important and the goal of this study to find the optimal mixture ratio of each stabilizer. Analysis of variance for regression with acting variables is performed to find optimal mixture ratio of each stabilizer.

지반보강을 위한 초미 립자시멘트의 침투특성에 관한 실험적 연구

천병식 ( Chun¸ Byung-sik ),신동훈 ( Shin¸ Dong-hoon ),이준우 ( Lee¸ Jun-woo ) 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 2002 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.6 No.1

In this study, the permeation grouting characteristics of Micro Cement were analyzed. For this, grain size distribution, shape analysis and injection grouting tests were performed using Micro Cement(MSG~N type). Permeation grouting test was compared Micro Cement with Ordinary Portland Cement for evaluating injection characteristics. The results of permeation injection tests showed that Micro Cement paste was injected into find sand almost completely at pressure lower than 5 kg/cm2, but Ordinary Portland Cement wasn’t injected into even coarse sand at same pressure. It is determined that Micro Cement with in excellent permeability should be used to expect grouting effects such as prevention of liquefaction and ground reinforcement.

Application of the Thermal Model with Longitudinal Flow to Charged Pions in Central Ru + Ru Collisions at 400A and 1528A MeV

Byungsik Hong 한국물리학회 2005 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.46 No.1

We formulate a thermal model by considering the longitudinal flow, the modification of the (1232)-spectral function, and the Coulomb interaction. The model calculations are compared with the transverse momentum and rapidity spectra of charged pions in central Ru + Ru collisions at 400A and 1528A MeV. The average longitudinal flow velocities of the fireball are deduced to be about 18 and 24 % of the speed of light at 400A and 1528A MeV, respectively. It is also possible that the origin of the longitudinally elongated pion spectra is due to an incomplete stopping of the projectile and the target nuclei.

Strange Baryon Production and Quark Coalescence Probability in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(sNN)=130 GeV

Byungsik Hong 한국물리학회 2004 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.45 No.1

A quark counting model has been tested for the yield ratios of strange baryons, including , က, က, and their antiparticles at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Only dressed (not bare) quarks are taken into account as all gluons are assumed to have converted to quark-antiquark pairs by gg ! qq. The quark counting model reproduces the measured yield ratios of various strange baryons reasonably well at psNN = 130 GeV, which may imply that the relevant degrees of freedom at collider energies are quarks and gluons. The ratios of various strange baryons to negative hadrons are all similar, which can be interpreted as a similar quark coalescence probability independent of the quark avor. We predict that the quark coalescence probability for strange baryons is about (4 6) 10က6 after integrating over the transverse momentum.

Use of Open Charm Production for the In-Medium Eect in Nuclear Collisionsat the Future GSI Facility

Byungsik Hong 한국물리학회 2003 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.43 No.51

We present the use of open charm production for in-medium modification of $D$ mesons in dense and hot nuclear matter in the future heavy-ion synchrotron, SIS200, at Gesellschaft f\"{u}r Schwerionenforschung mbH (GSI), Darmstadt, Germany. For the mass modification of $D$ mesons, we adopt the results from the quark-meson coupling model. We propose to measure the yield ratio of $D^-$ to $D^+$ in nuclear collisions and the open charm pair production in nuclear collisions relative to that in elementary $pp$ collisions as functions of the beam energy and the baryon density of the fireball at beam energies close to the production threshold. The experimental prospect of the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment for the open charm production is also discussed.

Bottomonium Production with Statistical Hadronization in Heavy-Ion Collisions at Collider Energies

Byungsik Hong 한국물리학회 2004 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.44 No.6

We present the bottomonium production estimated by using the hybrid model that combines direct bb pair creation in hard scattering and a statistical hadronization of the deconned quarkgluon plasma. Complete color screening and full equilibration of the deconned quark matter is assumed in the quark-gluon plasma phase. An enhanced production of the (1S) state is predicted at collider energies. However, a signicant dierence between the RHIC (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider) and the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) is expected in the centrality dependence of the (1S) production. Normalizing the (1S) production by the average number of binary collisions, we expect about a factor of ve decrease from half-overlap to central collisions at the RHIC, but almost no change at the LHC. Plans for measuring the bottomonium production cross-sections in future collider experiments are summarized.

Aspects of Heavy-ion Collisions with the FOPI detector at SIS

Byungsik Hong 한국물리학회 2003 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.43 No.I

In this paper we present the summary of recent experimental results obtained by the FOPI Collaboration at GSI/Darmstadt, Germany. The baryon rapidity distributions in isospin symmetric and asymmetric nuclear collisions demonstrate incomplete mixing and partial transparency of the projectile and target nuclei at SIS energies. In the analysis of the baryon sideward flow at incident beam energy of 0.4A GeV, a soft Equation-of-State with momentum dependent interaction in the IQMD model is the only parametrization that reproduces the data. The transverse momentum dependences of the $K^{+}$ sideward flow and the ratio of $K^{-}/K^{+}$ yields favour the existence of the in-medium repulsive and attractive potentials for $K^{+}$ and $K^{-}$, respectively.