Unraveling the web of intimate partner violence (IPV) with women from one Southeastern tribe: A critical ethnography

Burnette, Catherine Elizabeth The University of Iowa 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

Indigenous women experience intimate partner violence (IPV) at a disproportionate and epidemic rate. A common thread among indigenous women's experiences is that of colonization, which has been linked to both IPV and other social ills. Many tools of domination and control used throughout colonization to subjugate and oppress indigenous peoples are consistent with the tactics of power and control used in IPV. Given the distinct history of colonization along with the absence of research on indigenous women from the Southeastern portion of the United States, the purpose of this critical ethnography was to understand the culture and context of IPV for women from a Southeastern tribe across the life course. Because they complimented and supplemented each other in their ability to increase understanding about indigenous women' experiences with IPV, critical theory, historical trauma, life course theory, and resilience theory guided this qualitative inquiry. Paulo Freire's vision of critical theory was used to conceptualize this dissertation within the specific historical context. Using Carspecken's critical ethnographic method, the relevant data collected for this study included 28 participant observation sessions with indigenous community members and 28 life histories with indigenous women. Data analysis followed Carpsecken's method of reconstructive analysis. The patterns of power and domination at the societal, community, and interpersonal levels were identified with the broader beliefs that might perpetuate IPV across generations. Results included key factors within the specific historical context of indigenous women that had salient linkage to IPV. The potential symptoms of historical loss and trauma, including alcohol abuse, IPV, and family breakdown, were highlighted. Women's emergent pattern of violence that occurred across the life course was delineated within the culturally specific family structure. Women's perceptions of experiences with the formal and informal support systems were explored. Likewise, the various coping strategies of women who experienced IPV were identified along with the culturally specific protective and risk factors across multiple levels. Women's suggestions for emancipation from oppression were highlighted along with the implications for social work practice and policy.

Essays on the minimum wage

Burnette, Jeffrey Dean State University of New York at Buffalo 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation consists of three studies on the employment effect from increasing the minimum wage. The first essay analyzes the change in employment of 16--19 year olds over time. The other two essays use a difference-in-differences approach and examine the employment effect on 16--19 year olds overall and relative to other age groups. The second essay uses average 12-month percentage changes in employment, while the third essay uses the frequency of employment increases from the previous year. In the second chapter, we link employment to the state of the economy and the monopsonistic behavior of firms. The model assumes each firm; is a wage-taker in the spot labor market, faces an upward-sloped anticipated share of the market supply of labor, and has the power to choose a wage contract fully contingent, or not, on the realized price of output. The predictions of the model are supported by an analysis of aggregate time series white and black teenage employment data. The third chapter studies the effect of an increase in the federal minimum wage on black and white 16--19 year olds relative to 35--44 and 45--54 year olds using a difference-in-differences approach. There is no evidence of a significant decrease in teenage employment from raising the minimum wage in expansions for either racial group. The only significantly negative relationship between teenage employment and the minimum wage occurs during contractions, a period found to decrease teenage employment disproportionately. The fourth chapter studies the employment effect from the federal minimum wage by examining the frequency of increases and decreases in employment of teenagers overall and relative to a control group, and both conditional upon the state of the business cycle or not. When the state of the economy is not accounted for, we find significant evidence of a negative impact of the minimum wage. This effect totally disappears when account is taken of the state of the economy, except for white teenagers in a contraction. Virtually all of the negative effects of the minimum wage appear to be due to increasing the minimum wage during contractions.

The evolution of the non-supplant issue in the federal funding of public education: The policy in Virginia and its national implications

Burnette, Mark A Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universit 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

The primary purpose of this study is to assist with the determination of the legality of the policy adopted by the Commonwealth of Virginia of deducting certain federal revenues from the Basic Aid finance formula for public education. First, this study involves a detailed review of the case law pertaining to the non-supplant issue with targeted federal funds. Second, a brief description of the funding models of the time utilized by the states involved in such litigation are provided in order to determine similarities and differences to various state funding systems, including the venerable foundation model utilized by Virginia. The study provides a historical analysis of the legislation involved in the federal support of public education and the introduction of the non-supplant issue into the language of the federal legislation. Historical documents including Constitutional acts and amendments, statutes, and publications of early education scholars are reviewed. In order to understand the subtlety of the non-supplant issue, the structures of the state systems of school finance that have had the issue of non-supplant litigated are described in some detail. The review of law includes cases retrieved from both Westlaw and Lexis Nexis databases and those cases cross-referenced with landmark decisions. It would appear that the policy of deducting certain federal revenues from the Basic Aid entitlements due Virginia localities certainly raises the question of whether the Commonwealth has violated the language of the federal grants. The research in this document will provide comparisons between the case law and the non-supplant issue confronting the Commonwealth. Insight into the legal ramifications of the non-supplant issue and the potential implications that deducting federal revenues from the Basic Aid formula may present will be provided. The consequences for failure to adhere to federal policy regarding the state funding of public education are portrayed in the case law decisions. Further, this research will provide an opinion as to whether the current policy of deducting federal revenues from the Basic Aid formula utilized in Virginia will withstand a legal challenge under the non-supplant language imbedded in federal education grants-in-aid.

Design and Development of Non-Equilibrium Plasmas for the Medical Field

Burnette, Matthew Texas A&M University ProQuest Dissertations & Thes 2020 해외박사(DDOD)

There is great interest in the plasma research community on the potential medical applications of non-equilibrium plasmas, called cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), yet currently no such plasma device is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This dissertation seeks to take a holistic look at five novel plasma systems with potential use in the medical field. These systems are all analyzed from an engineering point of view to characterize the plasma and basic biocompatibility from an electrical and thermal approach. The overall design life-cycle for these devices is also examined, with an emphasis on deciding an approval pathway through the Food and Drug Administration, where the intended use of the device is the driving factor.The first device considered is a nanosecond puling circuit devised for skin electroporation. An electrode is developed to help maximize the electric field applied to a substrate and ensure user safety. Voltage and current traces and optical emission spectroscopy are used to characterize the plasma generated for various substrates, showing the non-equilibrium behavior of the plasma for a wide operating range. The second device considered is an existing FDA-cleared electrosurgical device power supply and hand piece, which has been modified for use as a CAP source. By varying the tube length the plasma can be operated in a non-equilibrium state. The third device is a direct write system for depositing thin films in a controlled pattern. This system consists of a dielectric barrier discharge jet attached to a three-dimensional printer head for spatially controlling the plasma location. Various methods of depositing material are used, including directly onto biological substrates. The final two devices are for improving the strength of additively manufactured parts intended for use in custom printed prosthetics. The first is a nanosecond pulsed discharge onto a printed part, which shows 100% strength improvement from the plasma treatment. The second is a planar dielectric barrier discharge mounted onto the head of a three-dimensional printer, which is able to print parts with the same strength as injection molded parts.

Formation of metal silicide and metal germanosilicide contacts to silicon germanium alloys

Burnette, James E., Jr North Carolina State University 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

The goals of this research were to study the phase stability and formation of Ti-Si1-xGex and Co-Si1-xGe x thin film reactions. The Ti-Si1-xGex and Co-Si1-xGex solid phase reactions result in the formation of precipitates within the grain boundaries of the films thus formed. The precipitates are either Ge or a Si-Ge compound, depending on the type of metal used in the reaction. The formation of Ti(Si1-yGey)2 thin films on Si1-xGex has been examined. It has been found that the generation of Ge-rich Si-Ge precipitates which form in the Ti-Si1-xGex solid phase reaction could be reduced or eliminated by the insertion of an amorphous Si layer before the metallization step. A Gibbs free energy model, which was parameterized in terms of Ge concentration by atomic percentage was used to determine stability between the Ti(Si1-yGey)2 layer and the Si1-xGex substrate. The films in this study were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD) to investigate phase formation, stability, and the composition of the Ti(Si1-yGey) 2 layer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the surface morphology and phase stability. It was found that amorphous Si layers of a certain thickness could prevent precipitate formation, depending on the composition of the underlying Si1-xGex layer. The formation of CoSi2 on Si1-xGex was also examined. The solid phase reaction of Co and Si1-xGe x results in the formation of a poly-crystalline CoSi2 layer, and the occurrence of a Ge precipitate. The TIME (Titanium Interlayer Mediated Epitaxy) process has been used in the formation of epitaxial CoSi2 on Si (100). A Ti layer of varying thicknesses, which serves as a barrier to retard the diffusion of Co atoms was deposited on a c-Si/Si1-x Gex substrate pseudomorphically strained to Si (100), before the final Co metallization step. The films in this study were characterized using x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) to determine the short-range crystalline order, XRD to determine phase formation and long-range crystalline order, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) to determine surface chemistry, and SEM to determine the surface morphology. This work shows that the formation of epitaxial CoSi2 on Si1-xGex can be achieved, depending on the thickness of the diffusion barrier. In addition, the optimal diffusion barrier thickness has been determined for the Co layer thickness used in these studies.

A District Case Study: How One School District Engaged in Sustainable Systemic Change to Include Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities in General Education Classes

Burnette, Kristin Krupa ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The University of 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

History, trends, and data indicate the harm of segregation for persons with significant cognitive disabilities (SCD; Burton & Blatt; 1966; Nielsen, 2013). One school district in the northeastern part of the United States began facilitating systemic change in 2017. This qualitative case study investigated this school district’s multi-year experience with facilitating the development of inclusive education practices for students with SCD. This case study was developed to: (a) understand how one school district addressed sustainable systemic change related to the inclusion of students with significant cognitive disabilities in general education classes, and (b) understand the impact of those efforts on students, their parents, instructional personnel, and administrators. The Principal Investigator collected qualitative and quantitative data to better understand the experiences of one district engaged in efforts for sustainable systemic change related to the use of inclusive education practices for students with SCD. The results of this case study are organized by Themes (n = 5) and Subthemes (n = 13) that emerged from the documents, data, and interviews collected. This discussion section synthesizes the results of the study to answer the research questions and provides: (a) summary of findings, (b) discussion of findings, (c) implications for future research, policy, and practice, (d) limitations, (e) researcher positionality, and (f) conclusions. Limitations of this study and implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed.

Probing Inflammation and Reward in Alcohol Use Disorder

Burnette, Elizabeth Mar ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Cali 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a highly prevalent, chronic and relapsing disorder estimated to affect over 100 million people worldwide. Chronic alcohol exposure has been shown in animal models to increase both neural and systemic markers of inflammation. Alcohol- induced inflammation has been linked both to chronic alcohol-seeking and to the behavioral and neurotoxic effects of alcohol. However, the literature on inflammatory signaling and AUD is overwhelmingly preclinical, and it is unknown if this relationship can be extrapolated to clinical samples. Therefore, translation to clinical samples is necessary. In humans, addiction is often conceptualized as a reward deficit disorder, and brain activation in response to reward stimuli has been shown to be negatively associated with inflammation. However, associations between AUD, inflammation, and reward sensitivity have not yet been established. The dissertation studies presented herein combine behavioral and biological methods to elucidate this relationship. Chapter 1 consists of an investigation into the clinical and neural correlates of individuals who self-reported their primary motivation for drinking as either reward (i.e. positive reinforcement) or relief (i.e. negative reinforcement), finding differences between the groups on clinical measures of AUD severity and neural activation to visual alcohol cues in reward- associated brain regions. Chapter 2 investigates the effects of ibudilast, a neuroimmune modulatory medication in development for AUD treatment. Ibudilast was found to reduce visual alcohol cue-elicited functional connectivity within reward-related brain circuitry, and this attenuation was correlated with reductions in alcohol consumption. Chapter 3 explores the relationship between alcohol and monocyte production of intracellular cytokines following in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), finding that AUD was associated with enhanced sensitivity to the cellular LPS inflammatory challenge. Finally, Chapter 4 presents a brief argument for the use of LPS as a translational tool to experimentally explore the role of inflammation in clinical samples of AUD. Taken together, these findings seek to elucidate biological mechanisms related to reward response and inflammation in AUD. These studies provide clinical and neurobiological data on the relationship between alcohol use and inflammation, and may inform precision medicine and targeted inflammatory medication development for individuals with AUD.

Wilberforce University: A squandered treasure

Burnette, Colette Pierce University of Pennsylvania 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

While the last decade has seen many Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) negatively impacted by changes in federal and state policy, dwindling endowments, and increased competition for students, faculty, and administrators, most have found a place of sustainability and growth. However, Wilberforce University---a once thriving institution---is at a crossroads, with its future at risk. A private liberal arts college affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) Church, it is the oldest HBCU owned and operated by Blacks. Through the course of its history, after encountering arson, natural disasters, financial crisis, and leadership challenges, Wilberforce has been weakened and faced the possibility of closure. However, every time the university has found itself in dire situations, it has rallied and regained its place as a viable institution of higher learning. Unfortunately, the current state of affairs reveals an institution that is vulnerable and, once again, finds itself in an untenable position. The intention of this study is to tell a narrative story of Wilberforce University from 1856 to the present, a chronicle of more than 150 years. The intention of the analysis is to gain an in-depth understanding of what roles various aspects of the operations and history of the university played in the evolution leading to its current status. Parsing out the real record and the underlying salient points behind the story of sheer survival of this institution present clues that, when cobbled together, can offer valuable solutions and insights for colleges and universities of a similar ilk. Using the story of Wilberforce as a touchstone can make a contribution to the sector toward achieving and maintaining sustainability of historically black colleges and universities (particularly small privates) as a viable option in higher education. Finally, and equally as important, choosing Wilberforce University brings worthwhile attention to the captivating story of one of the nation's older institutions of higher learning of its kind.

Understanding aggression among young female offenders: The influence of psychopathology, victimization, and borderline personality traits

Burnette, Mandi Louise University of Virginia 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

This study investigated the risk factors associated with aggressive behavior among serious adolescent female offenders. Specifically, the study evaluated the influence of (1) Borderline traits; (2) psychopathology, and (3) victimization on both overt and relational expressions of aggression. Participants included 121 adolescent girls, aged 13 to 19 years, incarcerated at a juvenile correctional facility in Virginia. Data were collected through self-report instruments, structured interviews, and a review of correctional records. Measures of prior physical victimization, psychopathology, Borderline Personality (BP) traits, relational and overt aggression were included. SEM analysis indicated that overt and relational aggression were best conceptualized as distinct but related constructs. Surprisingly, psychopathology was not significantly linked to higher levels of either form of aggression. Finally, and most importantly, a complex relationship emerged between victimization and BP traits, in which each added unique prediction power to relational aggression; victimization also predicted the incidence of BP traits. Relational aggression was the strongest predictor of overt aggression measures, while differing measures of BP traits and victimization demonstrated significant prediction of some of the unique variance as measured by observed measures of overt aggression. Findings are discussed in terms of the need for further studies to examine the evolution of aggressive behavior from less serious to more serious forms, as well as the need for further integrated studies in which self and other measures of BP traits, victimization, and aggression are employed. Finally, the implications as they relate to intervention planning for girls within the justice system are discussed.

Organizing Scripture: Organum melos, composition, and memoria in a group of Notre-Dame responsories

Roth-Burnette, Jennifer Louise New York University 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation considers the creation of the Parisian organa dupla, drawing a parallel between the compositional process that produced the duplum melodies, and the creative processes that formed part of the medieval ars memoriae and related disciplines. The study begins with an examination of the relationships between chant melodies and duplum melodies, focusing on the O 1--O 14--O 19--O 28 organal family, and pointing to the presence of a rudimentary melodic grammar and a thesaurus of melodic figures, derived from plainchant, that guided the composition of these Parisian dupla. We then turn to interrelationships among the organa dupla, which are analyzed at a figural level, revealing important data about the guiding principles employed by those who created the organa dupla (whether in writing or in performance), yielding a more nuanced understanding of that melodic grammar, and suggesting new directions for further research into "house style" and compositional methods. The study also considers the chant texts and motet texts associated with this organal family, situating the melodic compositional praxis within a broader liturgical and Scholastic context, and noting similarities of process between the creation of texts and the creation of melodies. Chapter 1 introduces this project in terms of its scholarly predecessors, and the suitability of these Office organa, built on similar tenors, for this particular study. Chapter 2 focuses on the source chants of the O 1--O 14--O 19--O 28 organal family, identifying melodic figures in the chant that are also found in the dupla, and considering the construction of chant texts. Chapters 3 and 4 provide a detailed comparative analysis of the members of this organal family, examining both their interrelationships and their points of difference, with a view to comprehending more fully the creative process behind their formation. Chapter 5 is devoted to the motets based on O1, considering their texts as products of Scholastic thought and creative praxis, and relating their contents to the products of the ars praedicandi.