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Shin, Dae-Keun,Martin, Bradely C.,Sanchez-Plata, Marcos X. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2011 Animal Bioscience Vol.24 No.9
To evaluate the effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) application on scalder and chiller water on Campylobacter contamination, four different treatments under three different water conditions including hard scalder water ($55^{\circ}C$), soft scalder water ($45^{\circ}C$) and chiller water, were applied as follows: i) a control treatment with no salt and no electric treatment, ii) a PEF only treatment, iii) a PEF treatment with 0.5% salt water, and iv) a PEF treatment with 1% salt water treatment. The use of PEF in hard scalding water showed an effect of reducing Campylobacter when compared to the control during the 200 s timeframe. With the addition of salt, the intervention caused at least 5.81 log CFU/ml reduction of Campylobacter counts after 200 s of PEF exposure. Similar effects were observed under soft scalding conditions. Campylobacter reductions were evident under chilling conditions with up to 2.00 log for PEF only, 5.77 log for PEF+0.5% salt and 2.69 log for PEF+1% salt treatment in water. Therefore, the current PEF setting for the scalder and chiller water can be successfully used to reduce pathogenic loads of Campylobacter on broiler chicken carcasses, and further research may be necessary to apply it in the poultry processing industry.
The Anti-Bolivarian Student Movement
Ryan Brading 한국라틴아메리카학회 2012 라틴아메리카연구 Vol.25 No.3
The decision of Venezuela"s President Hugo Chavez not to renew the private TV channel RCTV"s (Radio Caracas Television) broadcasting licence in May 2007 became the focal point for students from different universities of Caracas to unite (with no political affiliation with opposition parties) and construct a movement that used youth, freedom of speech, nonviolence and reconciliation as the discourse to challenge Chavez"s regime. This apparent apolitical movement took Chavistas and opposition supporters by surprise. This paper examines the emergence, formation, and success of this movement and why it failed to convert and evolve itself as an influential opposition political force after 2007.
Ju, Jin Sung,Cho, Mi Hyang,Brade, Lore,Kim, Jung Hyun,Park, Ji Won,Ha, Nam-Chul,Sö,derhä,ll, Irene,Sö,derhä,ll, Kenneth,Brade, Helmut,Lee, Bok Luel Williams Wilkins 2006 JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY Vol.177 No.3
<P>Determination of structures and functions of pattern recognition proteins are important for understanding pathogen recognition mechanisms in host defense and for elucidating the activation mechanism of innate immune reactions. In this study, a novel 40-kDa protein, named LPS recognition protein (LRP), was purified to homogeneity from the cell-free plasma of larvae of the large beetle, Holotrichia diomphalia. LRP exhibited agglutinating activities on Escherichia coli, but not on Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. This E. coli-agglutinating activity was preferentially inhibited by the rough-type LPS with a complete core oligosaccharide. LRP consists of 317 aa residues and six repeats of an epidermal growth factor-like domain. Recombinant LRP expressed in a baculovirus system also showed E. coli agglutination activity in vitro and was able to neutralize LPS by inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 production in mouse bone marrow mast cells. Furthermore, E. coli coated with the purified LRP were more rapidly cleared in the Holotrichia larvae than only E. coli, indicating that this protein participates in the clearance of E. coli in vivo. The three amino-terminal epidermal growth factor-like domains of LRP, but not the three carboxyl epidermal growth factor-like domains, are involved in the LPS-binding activity. Taken together, this LRP functions as a pattern recognition protein for LPS and plays a role as an innate immune protein.</P>