RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN NEPAL: COUNTRY STATUS AND R&D FOR ITS SUSTAINABILITY

Bhola Thapa 한국신재생에너지학회 2011 AFORE Vol.2011 No.-

Plug-trays cutting mechanism for fully automated vegetable seedling transplanter

( Bhola Paudel ),( Jayanta Kumar Basak ),( Seong Woo Jeon ),( Hyeon Tae Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2023 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.28 No.1

Transplanting seedlings from plastic trays to the field can cause transplanting shock, which negatively impacts their growth and development. Biodegradable seedling plug-trays are a potential solution, but their large-scale implementation is challenging due to a lack of machinery. In this study, we propose and develop a fully automated vegetable seedling transplanter that separates the seedling plug-cell from the biodegradable plug-tray for transplanting. The biodegradable plug-trays are prepared from the paper and cardboard waste mixed with strength enhancing additives. The plug-trays mechanism comprises two sub-mechanisms: a plug-trays aligning mechanism and a plug-trays separating mechanism. The former moves the plug-trays laterally and longitudinally to align each plug-cell at the seedling discharge point using a double helical grooved screw and a five-bar mechanism. The latter uses a blade assembly to separate the plug-cell from the tray, which falls through a seedling discharge tube to the hopper of the planter unit. Experimental trials showed that the system successfully separated 70% of the plug-cells from 35-day-old pepper and cabbage seedlings. The proposed mechanism has potential as a practical solution for the transplanting shock issue and can be optimized for larger-scale farming by reducing the stagnation count and developing a support system for separating the last two rows of the plug-tray.

EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT OF TURBINE AND STANDARDS TO MEASURE THE EROSION DAMAGE OF THE TURBINE COMPONENTS

Bhola Thapa 한국신재생에너지학회 2011 AFORE Vol.2011 No.-

Working speed optimization for the existing four-bar linkage-based transplanter

( Bhola Paudel ),( Jayanta Kumar Basak ),( Seong Woo Jeon ),( Gun Ho Lee ),( Hyeon Tae Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2022 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.27 No.2

The increasing demand for vegetable products can be fulfilled by increasing productivity, which could be achieved through effective mechanization. However, compared to the harvesting and threshing machinery, the development in the transplanter machine sector is still limited. There is a lack of automated seedling transplanters which could transplant multiple seedlings crops, as most of the existing transplanters are designed to work at a single speed, which results in a single plant spacing not suitable for different crops. Therefore, this study tried to optimize the existing transplanter, which works at a single and relatively low speed, to work at multiple speeds corresponding to other commercial transplanters. Firstly, the existing planter unit's design features were extracted and designed in the commercial simulation software. The real trajectory of the planter was extracted from highspeed camera video and compared with the simulated result to ensure the accuracy of the design. Next, the planter design was simulated at a different working speed (150 - 350 mm/s) similar to commercial transplanters and extracted the working trajectories. The working trajectories were compared, and the speeds whose trajectories tend to meet the requirement for ideal trajectories were selected. The selected speeds were tested for the planter in the soil bin test experiment, and it found that the planter unit can be operated at the speed of 200mm/s, 250 mm/s and 300 mm/s with crank rotation of 30, 40 and 50 rpm. The selected speed combinations are similar to that of other commercially available transplanters, and the test bin result showed that the planting performance of the planters was within the permissible range

Properties of biodegradable seedling plug trays made up of recycled paper pulp mixed with different proportions of strength-enhancing additives.

( Bhola Paudel ),( Jayanta Kumar Basak ),( Bolappa Gamage Kaushalya Madhavi ),( Na-eun Kim ),( Gun-ho Lee ),( Gyeong-mun Choi ),( Young-woo Choi ),( Hyeon Tae Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2022 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.27 No.1

The harmful effects of plastic and their product increase the attention of researchers and farmers toward the development and use of biodegradable products. Biodegradable products have several advantages over the plastics, but one of the major concerns is strength. Several researchers found that the strength of the biodegradable product will reduce significantly with the addition of water. To overcome this problem, biodegradable products made from paper waste are mixed with different wet strength agents and surface sizing agents at various proportions to increase their strength against the effect of water. In this study, three types of biodegradable seedling pot, made from waste paper pulp, mixed with wet strength and surface sizing agent in aratio of 0%, 3% and 5%, namely B0, B3 and B5, were tested for their physical, mechanical, germination and degradation properties. In the moisture absorption test, pot with additives showed significantly different properties than pot without additives. The absorption was lower for B0 while the highest for B5. Mechanical properties of pots were tested in dry and wet conditions, where the strength in wet conditions was significantly lower compared to dry conditions. The strength in wet conditions was higher for the pot with additives than the pot without additives; however, no significant difference was found. When comparing the seedlings' total germination percentage and height, no difference was found during the germination and growing test of Broccoli seeds in each pot. In the biodegradation test, all the pots loosed around half of their weight when placed in the soil for a month; however, around 90% of the strength of all the pots was loosed during the same period. Overall, the additives do not show any effect on the germination and growth of broccoli seeds in the seedling tray. However, differences were found among the pots with and without additives for other properties.

Urban Air Quality Studies in India: Status and Opportunities

Bhola Ram Gurjar,Aromal Thampan,Gaurav Kumar 한국대기환경학회 2021 한국대기환경학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.10

Over the years, there has been a massive-scale expansion in industries, population density, anthropogenic activities, and the increased use of automobiles that have degraded the urban air quality in India. As per a WHO report, 10 out of the 20 most populated cities in the world are in India. Based on the concentrations of PM2.5 emissions, India was ranked the fifth most polluted country by WHO (2019), in which 21 among the top 30 polluted cities were in India. Several studies have been conducted to assess the urban emissions and air quality in India. For example, Gurjar, Aardenne, Lelieveld, et al. (2004) framed a comprehensive emission inventory model to understand the emission trends in Delhi, India"s capital, for a period from 1990 to 2000. A Vehicular Air Pollution Inventory (VAPI) model was formulated by Nagpure and Gurjar (2012) that could estimate the vehicular emissions from road traffic in Indian cities. Later, Gurjar, Nagpure, and Kumar (2015) evaluated the potential gaseous emissions from the agricultural wetlands of megacity Delhi. Further, several policy measures have been taken by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Govt. of India to tackle the adverse effects of air emissions in short and long terms. This paper will present a comprehensive review to understand the current status and opportunities in relation to emissions and air quality in the context of Indian cities.

Automatic Environmental Sensor Data Collection System Using Raspberry Pi

( Bhola Paudel ),( Anil Bhujel ),( Hyeon Tae Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2021 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.26 No.2

Precision agriculture is gaining its popularity because of the controlled environments which significantly improves the quality and quantity production of crops. To maintain a suitable environment for the plant, continuous monitoring of greenhouse inside environmental conditions is indispensable. However, manual monitoring of such parameters is impractical. A sensor-based data collection system is inherently implemented in the greenhouse monitoring system. In this experiment, a Raspberry Pi-based programmable data collection system was designed to collect the greenhouse indoor temperature, humidity and CO2 using two DHT22 sensors. The DHT22 and MH-Z19 sensors spatially hung on two locations inside a greenhouse were connected to a Raspberry Pi via cables. A Python script is run in the Raspberry Pi to acquire the sensing digital data from the sensors and logged it into the micro SD card. Raspberry Pi is a miniature version of a computer, which offers a high-level language platform. Therefore, a user-interactive program written in Python language was implemented that allows configuring parameters like sensor numbers and sensing intervals in every time while restarting the program. The system was tested by installing it in a greenhouse with a user-defined logging interval. It concludes that a flexible data collection system can be designed by using Raspberry Pi.

Properties of paper-based biodegradable pots for growing seedlings

PAUDEL BHOLA,Basak Jayanta Kumar,Kaushalya Madhavi Bolappa Gamage,김나은,Lee Gun-Ho,최경문,Choi Young-Woo,김현태 한국원예학회 2022 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.63 No.6

The disadvantageous properties of plastic and plastic wastes have resulted in biodegradable products and seedling pots gain- ing popularity. Agents of diff erent strengths and sizes agents are usually mixed in the paper pulp to enhance the strength of paper-based seedlings pots. In this study, three types of paper-based seedling pots, with 0%, 3% and 5% of additives, named N0, N3, and N5, respectively, were tested to determine their physical, mechanical and biodegradation properties. Water absorption test results showed that the absorption rate was higher in N0, followed by N3 and N5; a similar pattern was observed in the maximum water absorption, thickness and solubility tests. The tensile test showed the highest strength in N3 (3.9 MPa), followed by N0 (3.8 MPa) and N5 (3.1 MPa) at 0% moisture absorption. However, at 100% moisture absorption, tensile strength dropped the most for N0 (82%), followed by N3 (67%) and N5 (65%). Hybrid broccoli seeds germinated inside the plant factory showed that 95% germinated within 13 days. Temporal data showed that germination time was most delayed in N5. No signifi cant diff erence was found in seedling height; however, a signifi cant diff erence was found in the root to shoot height ratio. N0 showed maximum weight and tensile strength loss on the biodegradation test, followed by N3 and N5. At the end of the fourth week, the tensile strength of N0, N3 and N5 was found to be 0.25 MPa, 0.69 MPa and 0.79 MPa, respectively, which was reduced by 94%, 81%, and 79%, respectively, compared to their initial strength. In conclusion, pots containing water repellent additives showed diff erent properties than those without additives, except for germination and seedling growth. This experiment confi rms that using additives will increase the strength of paper-based seedling pots in wet conditions without aff ecting the germination and growth of seedlings.

Generalized $(C,r)$-Hankel operator and $(R,r)$-Hankel operator on general Hilbert spaces

Jyoti Bhola,Bhawna Gupta 대한수학회 2023 대한수학회논문집 Vol.38 No.3

Hankel operators and their variants have abundant applications in numerous fields. For a non-zero complex number $r$, the $r$-Hankel operators on a Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$ define a class of one such variant. This article introduces and explores some properties of two other variants of Hankel operators namely $k^{th}$-order $(C,r)$-Hankel operators and $k^{th}$-order $(R,r)$-Hankel operators $(k \geq 2)$ which are closely related to $r$-Hankel operators in such a way that a $k^{th}$-order $(C,r)$-Hankel matrix is formed from $r^k$-Hankel matrix on deleting every consecutive $(k-1)$ columns after the first column and a $k^{th}$-order $(R, r^k)$-Hankel matrix is formed from $r$-Hankel matrix if after the first column, every consecutive $(k-1)$ columns are deleted. For $|r| \neq 1$, the characterizations for the boundedness of these operators are also completely investigated. Finally, an appropriate approach is also presented to extend these matrices to two-way infinite matrices.

Dental Procedures, Oral Practices, and Associated Anxiety: A Study on Late-teenagers

Rahul Bhola,Reema Malhotra 질병관리본부 2014 Osong Public Health and Research Persptectives Vol.5 No.4

Objectives: The study aims to determine the degree of anxiety pertaining to dental procedures and various oral hygiene practices among college teenagers. Methods: Corah’s Modified Dental Anxiety Scale was administered on a randomly chosen sample of 100 Indian college students (50 males and 50 females) of Delhi University, belonging to the age group of 17-20 years. Results: Descriptive statistical computations revealed 12.14 years as the mean age of first dental visit, with moderately high levels of anxiety (60.75%) for various dental procedures among the Indian teenagers and 5% lying in the “phobic or extremely anxious” category. With merely 4.16% people going for regular consultations, general check-ups evoked 78.3% anxiety and having an injection or a tooth removed was perceived as the most threatening. The sample subgroup not using mouthwash and mouthspray, smokers, and alcohol drinkers with improper oral hygiene practices experienced much higher anxiety towards routine dental procedures. Conclusion: The majority of the Indian youngsters had an evasive attitude of delaying dental treatment. The core problems lay in deficient health care knowledge, lack of patient-sensitive pedagogy to train dental professionals, inaccessibility of services, and a dismissive attitude towards medical help. The feelings of fear and anxiety prevalent among the Indian youth offer significant insights into causes and preventive measures for future research and practice. Methods of education and motivation could be developed to dissipate the anxiety amongst Indian teenagers that prevent routine dental visits and maintenance of adequate oral hygiene.