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Balakrishnan Parasuraman 한국비교노동법학회 2008 노동법논총 Vol.13 No.-
This paper is based on the analysis of two of the most important pieces of Malaysian employment legislation (Employment Act 1955 and Industrial Relations Act 1967) and the Malaysian Industrial Court awards (criterion-based sampling) on misconduct, domestic inquiry and the rules of natural justice. Misconduct is a conduct by the employee which is inconsistent with the fulfillment of the expressed or implied conditions of his service. In Malaysian employment relations, there seems to be an increasing number of Industrial Court cases related to employment misconduct. In 2005, 98.2% of the dismissal awards from the Industrial Court were related to the employment misconduct. Ineffective management of employment misconduct especially the violation of the rules of natural justice in the conduct of domestic inquires results an employee (workman) claiming unfair dismissal under Section 20, Industrial Relations Act 1967. Therefore the due (domestic) inquiry is a requirement (Section 14.1 of the Employment Act 1955, and the principles of common law), which the employer must adhere before meting out any punishment for employment misconduct. Recently, there had been several questions on the interpretation of Section 14(1) of the Employment Act 1955 on the need for domestic inquiry before dismissal for workman who are not within the scope of the Employment Act 1955. However findings from the Industrial Court awards reveals that many awards were made against the employers as they failed to conduct domestic inquiry and violated the principles of natural justice. This means domestic inquiry must beheld for serious misconduct cases and the accused employee must be accorded to a fair hearing based on the rules of natural justice. In this paper the authors are suggesting some proactive measures which can be taken by employers to minimize and to prevent employment misconduct, besides other guideline to improve employment relationship in the context of Malaysia.
Balakrishnan, Sangeetha,Lee, Sumi,Kim, Jong-Man Royal Society of Chemistry 2010 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.20 No.12
<P>Polydiacetylenes derived from self-assembled diacetylenes containing lithium salt are found to display a very rapid thermochromic reversibility.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Polydiacetylene-embedded composite films prepared from a lithium salt of 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid and polyvinyl alcohol were found to undergo very rapid reversible color transitions upon thermal cycles. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b923323g'> </P>
Balakrishnan, B.,Park, S. H.,Kwon, H. J. Springer Science + Business Media 2017 Biotechnology letters Vol.39 No.1
<P>MppE controls the biosynthesis of the yellow pigments, ankaflavin and monascin, as a reductive enzyme in the azaphilone polyketide pathway.</P>
Growth of nanolaminate structure of tetragonal zirconia by pulsed laser deposition
Balakrishnan, Govindasamy,Kuppusami, Parasuraman,Sastikumar, Dillibabu,Song, Jung Il Springer 2013 Nanoscale research letters Vol.8 No.1
<P>Alumina/zirconia (Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>/ZrO<SUB>2</SUB>) multilayer thin films were deposited on Si (100) substrates at an optimized oxygen partial pressure of 3 Pa at room temperature by pulsed laser deposition. The Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>/ZrO<SUB>2</SUB> multilayers of 10:10, 5:10, 5:5, and 4:4 nm with 40 bilayers were deposited alternately in order to stabilize a high-temperature phase of zirconia at room temperature. All these films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM), and atomic force microscopy. The XRD studies of all the multilayer films showed only a tetragonal structure of zirconia and amorphous alumina. The high-temperature XRD studies of a typical 5:5-nm film indicated the formation of tetragonal zirconia at room temperature and high thermal stability. It was found that the critical layer thickness of zirconia is ≤10 nm, below which tetragonal zirconia is formed at room temperature. The XTEM studies on the as-deposited (Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>/ZrO<SUB>2</SUB>) 5:10-nm multilayer film showed distinct formation of multilayers with sharp interface and consists of mainly tetragonal phase and amorphous alumina, whereas the annealed film (5:10 nm) showed the inter-diffusion of layers at the interface.</P>
Balakrishnan Vandana,Lakshmiammal Saraswathy,Gowrikutty K Suseeladevi,Karimassery Ramaiyer Sundaram,Harish Kumar 셀메드 세포교정의약학회 2013 셀메드 (CellMed) Vol.3 No.2
The objective of the current study was to find out the effect of Integrated Amrita Meditation Technique (IAM) on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and IgA. One hundred and fifty subjects were randomized into three groups IAM, Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) and Control. Baseline values were collected before giving the training for all the subjects and the IAM and PMR groups were given training in the respective techniques. BP, HR, RR and IgA were recorded manually at 0 h, 48 h, 2 months and 8 months after the first visit. HR was found to be reduced in the IAM group 48 h onwards and the fall sustained till 8 months (p < 0.05). IAM group showed significant drop when compared to the PMR group and control group in all the subsequent visits (p < 0.05). RR decreased significantly in the IAM group in the third and fourth visits (p < 0.05). RR of IAM showed significant decrease when compared to PMR and control from the third visit onwards. IgA showed significant increase in comparison with PMR and control in the third and fourth visits. BP did not show any difference in any of the visits. There was subject dropout from randomization to completion of the study, in all the three groups. The significant decrease in HR and RR and increase in IgA in the IAM group when compared to the PMR and control group shows the efficacy of the technique in reducing the physiological stress indicators for up to 8 months.
Balakrishnan Avinash,Kim Yun-Jong,Lee Seung-Woo,Kim Taik-Nam 배재대학교 공학연구소 2004 공학논문집 Vol.6 No.1
In the present study, a simple method was successfully used for hydroxyapatite coatings on Ti-6AL-4V substrates deposited by using a sol-gel derived precursor. Prior to hydroxyapatite coating the samples were micropolished (0.1 micron) and divided into three sets. The first set, were the micropolished samples kept as such. The second set were coated with titania sol and the third set was treated with 5M NaOH. After three repetitions of hydroxyapatite coating procedures on each set and heat treatment at $600^{\circ}C$, the formation of hydroxyapatite has been confirmed by XRD analyses and the substrate material was found to be oxidized with negligible amount of CaO in the coating. The SEM studies revealed surface morphology. Hydroxyapatite, calcined at $600^{\circ}C$, displaying a porous structure arisen from heating of the bulk
Microindentation fracture behavior of surface modified alumina ceramic using glass infiltration
Balakrishnan, A.,Panigrahi, B.B.,Chu, M.C.,Kim, T.N.,Cho, S.J. Elsevier 2009 Journal of materials processing technology Vol.209 No.4
This study investigates the effect of a low expansion glass (Mg<SUB>3</SUB>Al<SUB>2</SUB>Si<SUB>6</SUB>O<SUB>18</SUB>) treatment on the surface fracture toughness of sintered alumina. The surface fracture toughness was determined by direct indentation method (Vickers indentations), carried out at different loads ranging from 9.8 to 196N. The crack lengths on the surface at each load were found to be decreased (8-12%) by glass treatment and the corresponding crack resistance values increased by about 17-20%. Both sintered and glass treated specimens showed rising trend in crack resistance values as the indentation load was increased. There was also a significant increase in the Weibull modulus value of crack resistance. Improved properties of glass treated sample were attributed to the formation of a relatively larger process zone surrounding the crack, crack arrest behavior due to the compressive stresses and the crack bridging phenomena. The compressive stresses were generated from the thermo-elastic properties mismatch: (a) between the glass and the ceramic in the glass infiltrated zone, and (b) the glass-ceramic composite layer and the ceramic substrate.
Balakrishnan, P.,Song, C. K.,Jahn, A.,Cho, H. J. Springer Science + Business Media 2016 Pharmaceutical research Vol.33 No.1
<P>To evaluate the anti-tumor effect of ceramide or trimethylphytosphingosine-iodide (TMP-I) containing solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) prepared using trymyristin, phosphatidylcholine (PC), and Pluronic P85 (P85) for intravenous delivery of docetaxel. Docetaxel-loaded SLNs using ceramide or TMP-I at 3.22% (w/w) with a mean diameter of 89-137 nm were successfully prepared by high pressure homogenization. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by particle size, zeta potential, drug content, and TEM analysis. Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity were studied using adriamycin-resistant breast cancer (MCF-7/ADR) cells. The optimized formulation's dissolution profile, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor effect in mice tumor model were compared with that of control (Taxotere(A (R))). The drug release rate of docetaxel from SLNs was lower than that of control (Taxotere(A (R))). The prepared SLNs showed higher cellular uptake of docetaxel compared to that of Taxotere(A (R)) in MCF-7/ADR cell lines, which was further confirmed by the confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) study using coumarin 6 (C6). Prepared SLNs exhibited significantly increased antitumor efficacy, compared to Taxotere(A (R)), in MCF-7/ADR cells. In vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats (at 10 mg/kg dose) showed that the SLNs significantly reduced in vivo clearance of drug than Taxotere(A (R)). Interestingly, ceramide and TMP-I SLNs efficiently inhibited the tumor growth compared to Taxotere(A (R)) in MCF-7/ADR tumor xenografted mouse model. This work showed that TMP-I and ceramide SLNs not only significantly enhanced systemic exposure of drug, but also increased antitumor efficacy compared to Taxotere(A (R)) and control SLN.</P>