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Recent developments in G<small>EANT</small>4
Allison, J.,Amako, K.,Apostolakis, J.,Arce, P.,Asai, M.,Aso, T.,Bagli, E.,Bagulya, A.,Banerjee, S.,Barrand, G.,Beck, B.R.,Bogdanov, A.G.,Brandt, D.,Brown, J.M.C.,Burkhardt, H.,Canal, Ph.,Cano-Ott, D. Elsevier 2016 Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Vol.835 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>G<SMALL>EANT</SMALL>4 is a software toolkit for the simulation of the passage of particles through matter. It is used by a large number of experiments and projects in a variety of application domains, including high energy physics, astrophysics and space science, medical physics and radiation protection. Over the past several years, major changes have been made to the toolkit in order to accommodate the needs of these user communities, and to efficiently exploit the growth of computing power made available by advances in technology. The adaptation of G<SMALL>EANT</SMALL>4 to multithreading, advances in physics, detector modeling and visualization, extensions to the toolkit, including biasing and reverse Monte Carlo, and tools for physics and release validation are discussed here.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Multithreading resulted in a smaller memory footprint and nearly linear speed-up. </LI> <LI> Scoring options, faster geometry primitives, more versatile visualization were added. </LI> <LI> Improved electromagnetic and hadronic models and cross sections were developed. </LI> <LI> Reverse Monte Carlo and general biasing methods were added. </LI> <LI> Physics validation efforts were expanded and new validation tools were added. </LI> </UL> </P>
Observation of a first ν<sub>τ</sub> candidate event in the OPERA experiment in the CNGS beam
Agafonova, N.,Aleksandrov, A.,Altinok, O.,Ambrosio, M.,Anokhina, A.,Aoki, S.,Ariga, A.,Ariga, T.,Autiero, D.,Badertscher, A.,Bagulya, A.,Bendhabi, A.,Bertolin, A.,Besnier, M.,Bick, D.,Boyarkin, V.,Boz North-Holland Pub. Co 2010 Physics letters: B Vol.691 No.3
The OPERA neutrino detector in the underground Gran Sasso Laboratory (LNGS) has been designed to perform the first detection of neutrino oscillations in direct appearance mode through the study of the ν<SUB>μ</SUB>->ν<SUB>τ</SUB> channel. The hybrid apparatus consists of an emulsion/lead target complemented by electronic detectors and it is placed in the high energy long-baseline CERN to LNGS beam (CNGS) 730 km away from the neutrino source. Runs with CNGS neutrinos were successfully carried out in 2008 and 2009. After a brief description of the beam, the experimental setup and the procedures used for the analysis of the neutrino events, we describe the topology and kinematics of a first candidate ν<SUB>τ</SUB> charged-current event satisfying the kinematical selection criteria. The background calculations and their cross-check are explained in detail and the significance of the event is assessed.