Visible light assisted photocatalytic activity of modified TiO2 nanocomposites

Ali, Imran 한양대학교 대학원 2018 국내박사

Abstract Visible light assisted photocatalytic activity of modified TiO2 nanocomposites Imran Ali Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The Graduate School Hanyang University In this thesis, we synthesized visible light active TiO2-based nanocomposites with a new approach. We used three different materials for modification of TiO2: bismuth (Bi), graphene oxide (GO), and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). In previous studies, most of the researchers have performed TiO2 modification using two-step method (in first step synthesis of TiO2 nanotubes (TNT), and in second step modification of TNT). In this study, we reported an innovative approach to synthesize visible light active TiO2-based nanocomposites using one-step synthesis method. In our new method, synthesis of TiO2 and its modification occurred at the same time. This new one-step synthesis method was more efficient and stable than two-step method. We observed that g-C3N4-TNT is most efficient and stable than other composites. Then we designed a recirculating semi-batch reactor for large production of nanomaterials. Finally, we have developed model equation to predict the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanocomposites. In chapter 2, Bismuth doped TNT photocatalyst was synthesized in a one-step and two-step electrochemical anodization methods. The obtained samples were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray spectroscopy (XPS). We have checked the effect of different Bi concentrations, Bi doping times, anodization voltages, and anodization times on organics degradation. The optimum synthesis conditions for one-step and two-step Bi-TNT composites were identified. Compared with undoped TNT, Bi-TNT one-step and two-step composites showed a higher photocatalytic activity for methylene blue (MB) degradation under visible light irradiation. We have checked the effect of external bias on MB photoelectrocatalytic degradation efficiency. The doped bismuth TiO2 nanotubes are favorable for the separation of photo-induced electrons and holes, reducing the recombination of charges, and promoting the formation of hydroxyl radicals and superoxides that degrade organics. Recycling of Bi-TNT composites was also performed to investigate the stability of the catalyst. Scavenger experiments were performed to identify the main active species involved in the photocatalytic process. The normalized reaction rate constant KN was calculated to compare with other studies. The synergistic effects of bismuth modification on TiO2 were also disused along with organic removal mechanism. In chapter 3, the electrochemical anodization method was used to dope graphene oxide onto TNTs. GO-TNT were synthesized in one-step and two-step methods. This study focused on enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of TNTs in the visible light region. To determine the effect of synthesis conditions on organics degradation, we prepared catalyst with different anodization voltages, anodization times, GO concentrations, and GO doping time on photocatalytic efficiency of composite. The organic compound was most severely degraded (95%) when using two-step GO-TNT catalyst. Optimum synthesis conditions for one-step GO-TNT were also evaluated under visible light. The as-prepared catalyst was characterized using FE-SEM, XRD, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), photoluminescence (PL), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS), and surface pH by point of zero charge (pHPZC). Recycling of the GO-TNT composite was also performed in order to examine the stability of the visible light catalyst. We observed that the doping of GO on TNT surface can enhance the photocatalytic efficiency under visible light. The graphene act as an electron (e-) transport. Therefore, GO-TNTs were favorable for the separation of charges e- and hole (h+). This promoted the formation of OH radicals, h+, and superoxides, all of which degrade organics. In chapter 4, an improved visible light active g-C3N4-TNT photocatalyst was synthesized by one-step method. We successfully prepared the g-C3N4 composite with TiO2 nanotube array thin film during the annealing of anodized Ti sheet above melamine. We have synthesized the composite with different melamine dose to check the effect on photocatalytic activity. The as-synthesized catalyst was characterized by FE-SEM, XRD, EDX, XPS, and UV-Vis DRS. The prepared composite displays an improved photocatalytic degradation of organics under visible light. The MB was almost degraded completely (96%) when using optimum synthesis condition of g-C3N4-TNT at melamine dose of 6 g. The enhanced photocatalytic performance of the g-C3N4-TNT composite was due to the narrow band gap of g-C3N4 which has absorption in visible light region. The reusability test of the composite was performed to check the stability of the catalyst, and we found the synthesized catalyst was stable for many cycles. We also calculated the quantum efficiency of the photocatalytic system. We observed an improved visible light activity of TiO2 is due to the g-C3N4. In chapter 5, a mathematical model equation was developed with multiple regression analysis for prediction of photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanotubes in a recirculating semi-batch reactor. An empirical model equation was also designed to predict the final MB concentration. In this study, TiO2 nanotubes were synthesized by electrochemical anodization method. The new designed scale-up process using recirculating semi-batch reactor with large production of nanomaterials was suitable for degradation of organics. A model was validated with different operational parameters: effect of initial MB concentration (Ci), reaction temperature (T), light intensity (I) and TiO2 catalyst dose (CTiO2). We have compared the experimental and model predicted values for reaction rate constant (k) and final MB concentration (Cf). We observed a good agreement between experimental and predicted values of photocatalytic activity. The Kapp of experiment was also compared with the results from chapter 2, 3 and 4 using model equation to predict the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanocomposites.

Silicon Photonic Devices for Visible Wavelengths

Ali, SyedAshar Graduate School, Myongji University 2018 국내석사

눈에 보이는 파장을 위한 실리콘 포토닉스 시드 아샤르 알리 명지대학교 대학원 전자공학과 지도교수 홍 상 진 연구 관심사: 이 기술의 시대에서, 우리는 실리콘 포토닉스 분야의 다양한 발전을 보았다. 이는 초고속 온 칩 포토닉스 회로부터 온 웨이퍼, 생물학적, 화학적 및 기타 스펙트럼 분석 센서에 이르기까지 적용 영역을 다양화하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이러한 장치의 많은 분광기의 적용은 설계와 제작 비용의 문제뿐만 아니라 광학적 파장과 재료의 특성과 관련된 제한으로 어려움을 겪는다. 이러한 문제점 때문에, 우리는 소형 배열 도파로 격자(AWGs)와 가시 파장 범위에 대한 표면의 결합을 제시한다. 목표: 이 연구의 목적은 현재 포토닉스 집적 회로가 직면하고 있는 세가지 주요 문제를 다루는 것이다. 첫째, 엔지니어링 분야에서의 빠른 현장 모니터링 및 실시간 진단과 같이 다양한 온 칩 애플리케이션에 적합한 AWGs를 설계하는 것이다. 둘째, 광학 섬유와 포토닉스 집적 회로 칩 사이의 빛이 효율적으로 결합하도록 표면 커플러를 설계하는 것이다. 셋째, 저렴한 비용으로 포토닉스 장치의 기술적인 면을 향상시키는 것을 달성하여 경제적 이익을 제공하는 것이다. 앞에서 언급한 문제를 해결하는 것은 엔지니어링 분야에서 실리콘 포토닉스 집적 회로를 적용하는 것에 중요하다. 방법: 이 논문은 기술적으로 두 부분으로 나뉘어져 있다. 첫번째 부분에서는 중심 파장이 777nm이며 광범위한 가시 범위(400-800 nm)에서 작동하는 두개의 AWGs(Silicon-nitride-cored arrayed Waveguide Gratings)를 다룬다. 두번째 부분에서는 90도 빛의 전파를 안내할 수 있는 구부러진 금속-클래드 파장에 기반을 둔 세개의 콤팩트 섬유 대 도파관을 소개한다. 이 논문은 전체적인 논문의 개요뿐만 아니라 연구의 동기와 상황, 실리콘 포토닉스와 AWGs 및 표면 커플러에 관한 논의를 포함한 서론으로 시작한다(1장). 2장에서는 최신식의 실리콘 포토닉스 장치, 특히 AWG와 표면 커플러가 연구된다. AWG와 표면 커플러는 각각 기기의 작동 원리, 설계 및 시뮬레이션 전략과 결과를 포함하며 2장과 3장에서 광범위하게 다뤄진다. 마지막 장에서 얻어진 결과들을 요약하고 미래의 관점들에 대해 논의된다. 결과: AWG와 표면 커플러의 경우 모두 최신 기술에 대해 중요한 향상이 이루어졌다. AWG의 경우, 일반적인 전파 손실은 0.1 dB/cm이고 굽힘 각도는 90dB에서 0.1 dB의 굽힘 손실을 나타냈다. 설계된 AWG 중 하나는 3 dB 레벨에서 15 nm 대역폭을 갖는 5 개의 파장 채널을 제공하는 반면, 다른 하나는 4 nm에 달하는 향상된 3 dB 대역폭을 갖는 8 개의 파장 채널에 적합하다. 투과 스펙트럼의 피크에서 두개의 AWG 모두에 대한 삽입 손실은 7.56 dB/cm로 동일하다. 또한 AWG는 우수한 분광 특성과 충분한 크기 (5 및 8 채널 AWG의 경우 각각 0.02 및 0.20 mm2) 를 나타낸다. 표면 커플러를 통한 표면 연결 장치에 관련하여, 새로운 구부러진 금속-클래드 도파로 기반 구조가 입증된다. 이 구조를 이용하여, 커플러 1은 최대 결합 효율이 52 %를 초과하는 748~753 nm의 가시 스펙트럼 범위에 대해 설계된 반면, 커플러 2는 62 %의 결합 강도로 775~780 nm의 파장 범위에서 작동한다. 커플러 3은 최대 효율 60 % 인 808~813 nm의 가시 스펙트럼을 포함한다. 표면 커플러는 우수한 분광 특성, 상당한 정렬 허용 오차 및 9×5×1.6 μm 크기의 작은 크기를 나타낸다. 게다가, 커플러의 단순한 디자인은 저비용으로 제조에 적합하다. Abstract Silicon Photonic Devices for Visible Wavelengths Syed Ashar Ali Department of Electronic Engineering Graduate School, Myongji University Directed by Professor Sang Jeen Hong Research interest: In this era of technology, we have seen various advancements in the field of silicon photonics. They can be helpful to diversify its application area from ultra-fast on-chip integrated photonic circuits to on-wafer, biological, chemical and other spectroscopic sensors. Nonetheless, many spectroscopic applications of these devices suffer from the limitations associated with optical wavelengths and material properties, as well as design and fabrication costs. To alleviate these concerns, we present the compact arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) and the surface coupling of light for the range of visible wavelengths. Objectives: The aim of this work is to address the three major issues which integrated photonics community is currently facing with. First, designing AWGs suitable for diverse on-chip applications, e.g. for rapid in-situ monitoring and real-time diagnostics in engineering applications. Second, designing surface couplers to efficiently couple the light between the optical fiber and the integrated photonic chip. Third, providing an economic benefit by achieving advanced functionality in photonic devices at lower cost. Addressing aforementioned issues are important to apply silicon photonic integrated circuits in engineering applications. Methodology: This thesis is technically divided into two parts. First, two silicon-nitride-cored arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) that operate in a broad visible-wavelength range (400–800 nm), with the central wavelength 777 nm. In the second part of this thesis, we present three compact fiber-to-waveguide surface couplers based on bent metal-clad waveguides, which can guide the propagation of light 90ᵒ from the vertical direction to the horizontal direction. The manuscript starts with an introduction (Chapter 1), including the motivation and research context, the discussion about the silicon photonics, arrayed waveguide gratings and surface couplers, as well as the thesis outline. The state-of-the-art silicon photonic devices particularly AWG and surface coupler have been investigated in Chapter 2. AWG and surface coupler are then extensively discussed in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3, respectively, including the device operation principle, the design and simulation strategy, and the results of the simulated designs. In the last chapter, the achieved results are summarized and the future perspectives are discussed. Obtained results: Both in the case of AWG and surface coupler, important advances are made over the state-of-the-art. For AWGs, they reveal a typical propagation loss of 0.1 dB/cm and a bending loss of 0.1 dB at the bending angle of 90°. One of the designed AWGs provides five wavelength channels with the bandwidth 15 nm at the level of 3 dB, while the other is suited for eight wavelength channels with an improved 3 dB bandwidth amounting to 4 nm. The insertion losses for the both AWGs at the peak of the transmission spectrum are equal to 7.56 dB/cm. Moreover, our AWGs reveal good spectral characteristics and small enough sizes (0.02 and 0.20 mm2 for the five- and eight channel AWGs, respectively). With regard to the coupling via the surface coupler, a novel bent metal-clad waveguides based structure is demonstrated. Using this structure, the coupler 1 has been designed for visible spectral range from 748 to 753 nm at which the maximum coupling efficiency is over 52 %, while the coupler 2 operates at the wavelength range from 775 to 780 nm with coupling strength of 62 % and coupler 3 covers the visible spectrum from 808 to 813 nm with its maximum efficiency of 60 %. Our surface couplers reveal good spectral characteristics, considerable alignment tolerance and small enough size of 9×5×1.6 µm each. Besides, their simple design makes them suitable for easy fabrication at lower costs.

The Koroghlu Epic in Trans-imperial Perspective: The Story of the Ottoman and Safavid Expansion and Crises

Karamustafa, Ali Aydin ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Stanford Universit 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

Modeling, Simulation, and Hardware-In-The-Loop Implementation of Distributed Voltage Control in Power Systems with Renewable Energy Sources

Banadaki, Ali Dehghan ProQuest Dissertations & Theses West Virginia Univ 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation develops and analyzes distributed controllers for power systems with renewable energy sources. A comprehensive state space modeling of voltage source inverters (VSIs) is developed specifically to address the secondary voltage control. This model can be used for simulation and control design. Unlike frequency, voltage is a local phenomenon, meaning that it cannot be controlled from a far distance. Therefore, a voltage zoning matrix that relates the sensitivity of the loads to the sources is proposed. The secondary voltage control is designed by applying the eigenvalue decomposition of the voltage zoning matrix to obtain the reference generators voltages. The developed algorithm in this study has been tested on multiple IEEE case studies, and the results show its effectiveness, yet it is a centralized control algorithm. To reduce the risk of a single point of failure in the centralized controllers, distributed secondary voltage controllers have been proposed in the recent literature. However, the communication messages are still exchanged among all controllers in the system. Therefore, a fully distributed algorithm is proposed in this dissertation study through the design of a communication layer by clustering the sources based on a developed sensitivity methodology. A modified IEEE 13 bus feeder with integrating renewable energy sources shows a significant improvement in time of convergence. A real communication protocol is then applied to the system to analyze the communication effect of packet loss and latency on the given distributed control system. Furthermore, to demonstrate the voltage control problem on the hardware-in-the-loop system, the detailed steps to implement the simulation model in the OPAL-RT real-time simulator (RTS) are discussed. The results of RTS coordinate with the software modeling outcomes.

Energy Consumption and Salt Adsorption in Capacitive Deionization

Hemmatifar, Ali ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Stanford Universit 2018 해외박사(DDOD)

Challenges for clean water are global and diverse, and flexible water treatment approaches are needed. To date, over 4 billion people, more than half of the world's population, live in water scarce areas where withdrawn water surpasses the amount the region can sustainably support for at least one month per year. Slightly under 4 billion live in areas of severe scarcity conditions. Aggravating the situation further, naturally occurring toxins, chemical contamination introduced by human activities, and high salinity make many already limited water sources unsafe for consumption. Water desalination and disinfection provides viable solution to deficit of clean water. Seawater desalination is currently the main source of clean water production, however, availability of seawater is geographically uneven and thus not an available option targeted towards inland regions. Brackish water (water with a low to moderate salt content), however, is relatively common and can provide an appealing source of potable water with appropriate treatment technologies.Capacitive desalination or capacitive deionization (CDI) is an electrosorptive desalination method that leverages porous and conductive electrodes for electrostatic ion adsorption. Upon application of a small voltage (order 1 V) across each electrode pair, salt ions are removed from feed water and electrostatically held within the electrode pores. The CDI cell is then regenerated by removing or reversing the voltage, which spontaneously releases the ions and forms brine solution.CDI has a number of advantages over common desalination techniques. Most importantly, it does not require high pressure or temperature to operate, is widely scalable, and thus relevant for distributed applications (as investment and infrastructure cost is low and is directly proportional to plant capacity). CDI is potentially energy efficient and cost effective for brackish water desalination, since the energy cost per volume of treated water roughly scales with the amount of removed salt (rather than volume of treated water). CDI is thus the most advantageous in brackish water desalination as well as water recycling and reuse where salt content is far below that of seawater. In addition, CDI has the great potential for selective removal of ionic species based on ion valence, hydrated ion size and pore size, surface chemistry, and pH environments.We first focus on electrosorptive desalination energy, in both theory and practice. We present a general top-down approach to show minimum energy of ion separation is indeed Gibbs free energy of separation for most known EDLs irrespective of EDL geometry and thickness. We fabricate a low series resistance CDI cell, operate the cell at various current and flow rates, and demonstrate low-energy desalination with unprecedented 9% thermodynamic efficiency and only 4.6 kT energy requirement per removed ion. We further experimentally quantify individual loss mechanisms and show resistive and Faradaic losses as two main loss mechanisms. We show the two loss mechanisms favor different charging rates: resistive losses are dominant at high charging currents, but Faradaic losses are dominant at low charging rates, as the cell spends longer time at high voltage. Our results provide a powerful tool for optimizing CDI operation. In addition to study of desalination energy, we study charge and species transport of electrosorption process. We formulate and solved the first two-dimensional model of a CDI cell coupling external electrical network, charge conservation, and mass conservation in bimodal pore structure electrodes. We fabricate a lab-scale CDI cell, experimentally calibrate the model, and show a good agreement between model results and experimental data. Our results show CDI process has two distinct phases: a fast adsorption step at the beginning of charging followed by a slow salt removal step.Finally, we study the effect of surface functional groups on pH dependent salt adsorption and ion selectivity by developing theory and performing controlled experiments. To this end, we expanded the current surface charge models by coupling a double layer model with acid-base equilibria theory and further validate the model by well-controlled titration experiments. The fitted model with one acidic and one basic surface group showed a very good agreement with the experiments. Our results show (1) specific adsorption of cations and expulsion of anions at electrolyte pH values higher than pK of acidic groups, and (2) specific adsorption of anion and expulsion of cations at pH values lower than pK of basic groups.

Novel architectures for broadband free-space optical communications: Deep-space and terrestrial optical links

Hashmi, Ali Javed Georgia Institute of Technology 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

In this research, the design concept and analysis of different architectures of telescope array-based receivers for an inter-planetary optical communications link between Earth and Mars are presented. Pulse-position modulation (PPM) is used at the transmitter end and photon-counting detectors, along with the direct-detection technique, are employed at each telescope element in the array. First, models for the received signal photons and background noise photons are developed to simulate an optical communications channel between Earth and Mars. A method for optimization of various important system parameters such as detector sizes (i.e., receiver field-of-view), PPM slot-width Ts, and PPM order M, is presented to maximize the communications system performance. Then, the performance of different array architectures is evaluated through analytical techniques and Monte-Carlo simulations for a broad range of deep-space operational scenarios, such as Earth-Mars conjunction, Earth-Mars opposition, and different background and turbulence conditions. It is shown that the performance of array-based receivers consisting of up to 100, 1 m telescopes is almost equivalent to a single large telescope with 10 m aperture diameter. It is also revealed that compared to current radio frequency (RF) technology, telescope array-based optical receivers can provide several orders of magnitude greater data rates from Mars. However, array architectures for deep-space optical communications have several unique challenges. Due to very narrow optical beams, the requirement of spatial tracking of the transmitter line-of-sight at the receiver telescopes (to minimize power losses caused by the tracking errors) is very stern. In addition, detected signals at individual telescope elements in an array need to be synchronized with the receiver clock and with each other before data decoding. Compared to a monolithic large telescope, individual telescope elements in an array receive and detect much less optical power. This phenomenon renders the tracking and synchronization tasks at individual telescopes quite difficult. In the next step, the design of tracking and synchronization subsystems for the array receiver is discussed. The performance of different array architectures, after incorporation of these subsystems, is evaluated for a deep-space optical communications link between Earth and Mars operating in the presence of random tracking and synchronization errors. It is shown that even in the worst-case channel conditions, the designed subsystems successfully perform the tracking and synchronization functions; the impact of synchronization and tracking errors is almost negligible for an array consisting of 100, 1 m telescopes. The tracking and synchronization analysis further solidifies the theoretical foundations and feasibility investigation of telescope arrays for deep-space optical communications. Atmospheric turbulence and diffused background light from the sky during daytime are the major limiting factors in a deep-space optical communications link. This part of the research is focused on developing techniques to mitigate these deleterious effects. Adaptive optics (AO) technology is commonly employed in astronomy to mitigate the turbulence effects. First, laser guide star (LGS)-based AO systems are designed and incorporated in array receivers, and their performance is analyzed for a communications link between Earth and Mars in extreme turbulence and background conditions. It is shown that the incorporation of LGS-based AO systems results in a substantial improvement in the performance of array receivers. Next, a novel space-time adaptive processor (STAP) is developed for post-detection processing and mitigation of background noise effects. The STAP processor can be thought of an electronic counterpart of an active AO system and is very easy and cost-effective to implement. The performance analysis shows that the incorporation of the STAP processor results in several orders of magnitude performance improvement in strong background conditions. The experimental investigation of the use of adaptive optics (AO) subsystems for turbulence and background noise compensation is also carried out. In the last part of the thesis, short-range, terrestrial, free-space optical (FSO) communications links are analyzed. It is believed that FSO systems can solve the last mile connectivity problem faced by the current commercial telecom market. An efficient general-purpose simulation tool is developed that can model and predict the parameters of interest of a laser beam propagating through a turbulent channel in FSO systems. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

Development of a seismic vulnerability evaluation procedure for architectural glass curtain walls

Shirazi, Ali The Pennsylvania State University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

Curtain wall glass is used widely in modern architecture. Analysis and design methods for architectural glass curtain walls subjected to out-of-plane loads due to wind are relatively well-developed, but analogous methods have not been developed for the analysis and design of curtain walls subjected to seismic loads. In this study, by reviewing previous rating systems and performing experimental tests on curtain walls, an analytical methodology is developed to predict the probability of glass breakage in an applied drift for dry-glazed curtain walls with annealed, seamed-edge annealed, heat-strengthened, and fully tempered monolithic architectural glass. The application of a mathematical model is presented to predict seismic vulnerability of typical glass curtain walls. In order to compute the coefficients in this mathematical model, available mock-up test results, strain measurement tests, finite element analyses and statistical simulations are employed. Calibrated finite element models are used to study the general relationship between the applied drift and the corresponding lateral load, as well as the relationship between the generated stress in the glass and the applied drift. The finite element models are also used to study the load-drift relationship of non-typical curtain wall configuration when experimental data are not available. Finally, by the use of mathematical models and statistical simulations, a computer program is developed to compute and draw fragility curves. Fragility curves present the probability of glass breakage in different applied drifts and can be used in the design of new curtain walls or in the evaluation of existing curtain walls. The main objective of this study was to develop an analytical seismic vulnerability evaluation procedure for architectural glass curtain walls. This objective was achieved.

Interaction and coalescence of bubbles and drops moving through a tube

Matroushi, Eisa Ali The Pennsylvania State University 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

An experimental study of the interaction and coalescence of drops and bubbles moving through a cylindrical capillary tube under low Reynolds number conditions is presented. Both pressure- and buoyancy-driven motions of fluid particles are examined for a number of Newtonian and non-Newtonian continuous phases. The fluid particles used in the experiments consisted of immiscible Newtonian fluids or air bubbles. The motion of a single fluid particle and the interaction between two fluid particles are analyzed using image analysis. Observations of the shape and velocity of single fluid particles are reported for a wide range of the governing parameters such as the Bond number, the viscosity ratio, and the capillary number. Measurements of the film radius between the two fluid particles are used in conjunction with a simple coalescence model to predict the dependence of the coalescence time on the particle size ratio. It is found that fluid particles in a Newtonian suspending fluid are experienced larger deformations with increasing values of Bond number and capillary number. On the other hand, fluid particles in viscoelastic fluid exhibited several interesting phenomena such as cusped particle shapes, discontinuity in the terminal rise velocity and tail-streaming. The time scale for coalescence in the non-axisymmetric configuration is found to be substantially larger than that for coalescence in the axisymmetric configuration. The simple film drainage model captured the dependence of the coalescence time on particle size ratio for systems that exhibit axisymmetric coalescence.

Challenges and opportunities of the Korean cosmetics market for European brands

Estrade, Aliénor 서울대학교 국제대학원 2015 국내석사

Examining Sudanese Sports Federations perception towards the sponsorship activities

Ali Hussien, Ali Suliman 서울대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

Through examining of three Sudanese sports federations (SSF) with general sponsors objectives and activities, the researcher used the Readiness Assessment Tool (RAT) (Robinson & Minikin, 2012), to find out the significant perception (competitive advantages) of these SSFs, which may lead to building a profile that met the sponsors' objectives. The competitive advantages of an organization arise from the resources and capabilities that are in place within the organization. (Robinson & Minikin, 2012). Sudanese Sports Federations (SSFs) in general have limited or unidentified resources that require to be understood and discovered to be used for the interest of the federation in overall, or as a tool to generate additional financial source or to attract sponsorships particularly. To gain sponsorship deals, the SSFs compete with each other, through showing their competitive advantages that may be valuable and meet the sponsors' objectives. This research helped SSFs to answer some of the questions including what are the main assets and capabilities of Sudanese sports federations that can attract sponsors other than spectators’ base volume. The Readiness Assessment Tool (RAT) is the main tool for conducting this research; RAT is a tool for measuring 78 elements within eight pillars on the national federations’ structures and activities. RAT was chosen to assist the Oceania National Olympic Committees to understand the structure and development characteristics of NFs better and in particular to determine if there was a way to assess their readiness to undertake programs of development or activities, (Minikin, 2009). The eight pillars are; Governance Management, Sports Activity, Communication, Finance, Physical Resources, Human Resources, and Values, these pillars can be considered as main assets for the SSFs. 연구원은 일반 스폰서의 목표와 활동을 담은 3 개의 수단 스포츠 연맹 (SSF)을 조사하여 RTS (Robinson & Minikin, 2012)를 사용하여이 SSF의 중요한 인식 (경쟁 우위)을 파악했습니다. 스폰서의 목표를 충족시키는 프로필을 만들 수 있습니다. 조직의 경쟁 우위는 조직 내에있는 리소스와 기능으로 인해 발생합니다. (Robinson & Minikin, 2012). 수단 스포츠 연맹 (SSF)은 전반적으로 연맹의 이익을 위해 사용되거나 추가적인 재원을 창출하거나 스폰서 쉽을 끌어들이는 수단으로 이해되고 발견되어야하는 제한되거나 식별되지 않은 자원을 가지고 있습니다. 스폰서 십 거래를 얻으려면 SSF는 경쟁 우위를 보여줌으로써 스폰서의 목적을 달성하고 서로 경쟁하게됩니다. 이 조사는 SSF가 관중의 기본 볼륨 이외의 스폰서를 유치 할 수있는 수단 스포츠 연맹의 주요 자산 및 기능을 비롯한 몇 가지 질문에 답하는 데 도움이되었습니다. 준비성 평가 도구 (RAT)는이 연구를 수행하기위한 주요 도구입니다. RAT는 전국 연맹의 구조와 활동에 관한 8 개 기둥 78 개 요소를 측정하는 도구입니다. RAT는 오세아니아 국가 올림픽위원회가 NF의 구조와 개발 특성을 더 잘 이해하고, 특히 개발이나 활동 프로그램을 수행 할 준비가되었는지 평가할 수있는 방법이 있는지를 결정하는 데 도움을주기 위해 선정되었습니다 (Minikin, 2009). 8 개의 기둥은; 거버넌스 관리, 스포츠 활동, 커뮤니케이션, 재무, 체육, 인적 자원 및 가치와 관련하여 이러한 기둥은 SSF의 주요 자산으로 간주 될 수 있습니다.