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        The Effect of Mechanical or Electrical Stimulation on Apnea Length in Mice

        Samer Bou Jawde,Alexandra Scheuermann,Erzse´bet Bartola´k-Suki,Be´ la Suki 대한의용생체공학회 2018 Biomedical Engineering Letters (BMEL) Vol.8 No.3

        Premature birth is a leading cause of infant mortality which is often attributed to irregular breathing and apnea ofprematurity. A common treatment for apnea is caffeine to stimulate the brain’s respiratory center. However, caffeine’s longterm effect on infant development is not fully comprehended. We hypothesized that noninvasive localized body stimulationregularizes breathing pattern. We investigated the impact of electrical or mechanical stimulation on breathing in mice. After the mice were ventilated for 28 s to induce apnea, mice were taken off the ventilator while receiving mechanical,electrical, or no stimulation in a randomized order. Both stimuli targeted the diaphragm area through a custom-built beltwith vibrating motors or adhesive electrodes. After each apnea cycle, the time to take the first breath (T) was recorded. Theelectrical stimulation given at 4.5, 8.3, 16.7 V (pulse rate = 3 Hz, pulse width = 120 μs) showed no reduction in T. Electrical stimulation at pulse rates of 10 or 20 Hz (16.7 V, pulse width 260 μs) showed a detrimental effect increasing Tby ~7% compared to control values (p = 0.005, p = 0.038 respectively). High and medium intensity mechanical stimulationssignificantly reduced T by 11.74 (p<10-13) and by 17.08% (p<10-8), respectively. Further reducing theamplitude of vibrations did not affect T. When the probe was attached to the ankles, only the high intensity vibrationsresulted in a decrease in T (p<10-13). Mechanical vibrations, applied at various intensities and locations, could be used totreat irregular breathing and apnea in infants. Electrical stimulation at pulse rates of 10 or 20 Hz (16.7 V, pulse width 260 ls) showed a detrimental effect increasing Tby * 7% compared to control values (p = 0.005, p = 0.038 respectively). High and medium intensity mechanical stimulationssignificantly reduced T by 11.74 (p\10-13) and by 17.08% (p\10-8), respectively. Further reducing theamplitude of vibrations did not affect T. When the probe was attached to the ankles, only the high intensity vibrationsresulted in a decrease in T (p\10-13). Mechanical vibrations, applied at various intensities and locations, could be used totreat irregular breathing and apnea in infants. Premature birth is a leading cause of infant mortality which is often attributed to irregular breathing and apnea ofprematurity. A common treatment for apnea is caffeine to stimulate the brain’s respiratory center. However, caffeine’s longterm effect on infant development is not fully comprehended. We hypothesized that noninvasive localized body stimulationregularizes breathing pattern. We investigated the impact of electrical or mechanical stimulation on breathing in mice. After the mice were ventilated for 28 s to induce apnea, mice were taken off the ventilator while receiving mechanical,electrical, or no stimulation in a randomized order. Both stimuli targeted the diaphragm area through a custom-built beltwith vibrating motors or adhesive electrodes. After each apnea cycle, the time to take the first breath (T) was recorded. Theelectrical stimulation given at 4.5, 8.3, 16.7 V (pulse rate = 3 Hz, pulse width = 120 μs) showed no reduction in T. Electrical stimulation at pulse rates of 10 or 20 Hz (16.7 V, pulse width 260 μs) showed a detrimental effect increasing Tby ~7% compared to control values (p = 0.005, p = 0.038 respectively). High and medium intensity mechanical stimulationssignificantly reduced T by 11.74 (p<10-13) and by 17.08% (p<10-8), respectively. Further reducing theamplitude of vibrations did not affect T. When the probe was attached to the ankles, only the high intensity vibrationsresulted in a decrease in T (p<10-13). Mechanical vibrations, applied at various intensities and locations, could be used totreat irregular breathing and apnea in infants.

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