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The treatment of secondary strains within a strain-based failure assessment diagram
Ainsworth, R.A.,Budden, P.J.,Oh, C.Y.,Kim, Y.J. Applied Science Publishers ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2013 The International journal of pressure vessels and Vol.104 No.-
In a companion paper, proposals for the shape of a strain-based failure assessment diagram (FAD) have been made. The developments in that paper and in related works on strain-based fracture assessment have largely been for remotely applied strains, such as those produced by welding. This paper re-writes existing methods for treating secondary stresses within stress-based FADs in the framework of the proposed strain-based FAD. It is shown that residual strains must be included fully in the elastic regime but at large applied strains their contribution to fracture can be relaxed considerably. Practical methods for inclusion of secondary strains within the strain-based FAD are then developed and shown to be conservative relative to some detailed finite element calculations.
“IT’S CHURCH BUT NOT AS YOU’VE KNOWN IT”: CONSTRUCTING A GLOBAL CHURCH BRAND
Jeaney Yip,Susan Ainsworth 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7
This paper offers a discursive perspective to studying corporate identity and brand. It extends existing scholarship that adopts alternative approaches to understanding corporate identity, seeing it as polysemic, rather than unitary; and constructed, rather than pre-existing. Using a case study of a contemporary global church that combines religion, marketing and popular culture, it shows how disparate and potentially contradictory cultural resources are combined in corporate branding. Church text and corporate communication materials were collected and analysed to identify the presence and combination of different discourses. Our analysis shows how Christian, market, popular and contemporary spirituality discourses were combined using three discursive strategies which we call: differentiation, spectacularizing and personalizing. The research demonstrates the process of how a corporate brand identity is ‘made’ as well as how disparate and contradictory discourses can be successfully combined. This approach can be practically extended to studying other types of organizations, corporate and non-corporate.
CONSTRUCTING AND MARKETING BEAUTY IN INDONESIA
Jeaney Yip,Susan Ainsworth 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7
This research analyses the discursive construction of beauty through skin care advertisements and its visual representations in Indonesian women’s magazines. Indonesia is an industrialising and increasingly global country with a sizable emerging middle class that is the largest in Southeast Asia. We explore themes of whiteness, naturalisation and scientification as socio-cultural constructions of beauty as the products not only promise youthful, smooth and fair skin to affluent middle-class consumers, but promote the constant ‘upscaling’ of lifestyle norms related to the pursuit of higher economic and social status. In this research, we draw on existing scholarship in gender, beauty, ‘whiteness’ (Ariss, Ӧzbilgin, Tatli & April, 2014) and ‘colourism’ (Glenn, 2009) that examines the growing phenomena of skin whitening in beauty products and their relationship to particular cultural contexts and locations. This body of theory and research has shown how ‘whiteness’ and ‘colour’ are constructs related to, but not the same as ‘race’, that carry complex meanings generated by the intersection of gender, colonial history, ethnicity, class and globalisation (Rondilla, 2009). While it has been long argued that beauty is culturally diverse in different markets and is multidimensional (Englis, Solomon & Ashmore 1994), it is also highly globalised (Jones, 2011). The globalisation also increasingly standardises communications campaigns run by creative advertising agencies who are predominantly Western or ‘Western trained’. This has contributed to a ‘transnational look’ (Frith, Shaw & Cheng, 2005), a ‘reduction in the range of global variation in beauty ideals’ (Jones, 2008, p.150), and a ‘narrow representation of beauty’ (Yan & Bissell, 2014). We question the extent of this resultant homogeneity in a non-Western context that is under-studied
White, G. R.,Ainsworth, R.,Akagi, T.,Alabau-Gonzalvo, J.,Angal-Kalinin, D.,Araki, S.,Aryshev, A.,Bai, S.,Bambade, P.,Bett, D. R.,Blair, G.,Blanch, C.,Blanco, O.,Blaskovic-Kraljevic, N.,Bolzon, B.,Boog American Physical Society 2014 Physical Review Letters Vol.112 No.3
<P>A novel scheme for the focusing of high-energy leptons in future linear colliders was proposed in 2001 [P. Raimondi and A. Seryi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3779 (2001)]. This scheme has many advantageous properties over previously studied focusing schemes, including being significantly shorter for a given energy and having a significantly better energy bandwidth. Experimental results from the ATF2 accelerator at KEK are presented that validate the operating principle of such a scheme by demonstrating the demagnification of a 1.3 GeV electron beam down to below 65 nm in height using an energy-scaled version of the compact focusing optics designed for the ILC collider.</P>
Chemical stabilization of Cd-contaminated soil using biochar
Van Poucke, R.,Ainsworth, J.,Maeseele, M.,Ok, Y.S.,Meers, E.,Tack, F.M.G. Elsevier 2018 Applied geochemistry Vol.88 No.1
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Metal smelter activities have contaminated approximately 700 km<SUP>2</SUP> of the Campine region in Belgium and The Netherlands. This work aimed to assess the effectiveness of biochar added to this soil using compost, peat or lime as a reference. Amendments were mixed with the contaminated soil at a 2 or 4% ratio (w:w) and equilibrated for up to 44 weeks. Treatment with biochar released significantly lower concentrations of Cd in the soil solution than compost or peat. In comparison to the blanks, soil solution concentrations of Cd were reduced 67% on average for the 4% biochar treatment and increased 30% and 231% for the 4% compost and 4% peat treatments, respectively. The lime treatment was equally effective as the biochar in reducing Cd concentrations. Similar trends were observed when conducting consecutive CaCl<SUB>2</SUB> extractions. However, pH-stat leaching tests showed biochar and the other organic amendments to be more effective than lime in retaining Cd from the solution. The combined effect of pH and metal complexation capacity of added biochar resulted in an effective reduction in soluble Cd concentrations that lasted longer than when lime, compost or peat are used.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Biochar and lime increased soil pH the most and reduced the Cd availability. </LI> <LI> After soil acidification events, organic amendments reduced the available Cd. </LI> <LI> Biochar combines the pH effect of lime with a high sorption capacity. </LI> </UL> </P>
A comparison of various plastic work curvature methods
Seal, C.K.,Han, J.J.,Ainsworth, R.A. Applied Science Publishers ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2015 The International journal of pressure vessels and Vol.135 No.-
The use of plastic work as a means of determining the plastic collapse load of a structure is a promising new approach. Several methods of assessing the plastic limit have been proposed in recent publications but there is, as yet, no clear consensus as to the best approach to take. This article compares the various methods proposed and recommends a new approach which is not subjective and which is considered to be more reliable than the twice elastic slope load. The recommended method plots normalised work versus normalised load, and uses a curve fitting method to estimate the plastic load. It is illustrated by application to several pressure vessels.
Biaxial stress effects on estimating J under combined mechanical and thermal stresses
Oh, C.Y.,Kim, Y.J.,Budden, P.,Ainsworth, R.A. Applied Science Publishers ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2011 The International journal of pressure vessels and Vol.88 No.10
In this paper, the applicability to bi-axial stress states of a simple approximation proposed in our previous work for quantifying the elastic-plastic J under combined primary and secondary stresses is investigated.To produce the bi-axial stress states, circumferential cracked pipes under combined pressure, axial tension (or compression) and thermal stresses are considered. The results suggest that the proposed approximation can be applied to bi-axial stress states, and is slightly more conservative for bi-axial mechanical stresses than for uni-axial ones. The degree of conservatism decreases with increasing strain hardening exponent and with increasing relative magnitude of secondary stress.
Blunt defect assessment in the framework of the failure assessment diagram
Han, J.J.,Larrosa, N.,Kima, Y.J.,Ainsworth, R.A. Applied Science Publishers ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2016 The International journal of pressure vessels and Vol.146 No.-
<P>In order to reduce over-conservatism in fitness-for-service assessment procedures, experimental evidence and recent analytical developments recognise the importance of considering the actual shape of non-sharp flaws and/or the real geometric constraint conditions at the crack tip. This paper addresses the effect of blunt defects on the structural integrity assessment of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and pipeline steels. Parametric studies for compact tension specimens with various notch root radii are performed using finite element analysis. The notch fracture toughness, the resistance to the onset of ductile cracking and the J-integral, quantifying the notch driving force, are evaluated. A stress-modified fracture strain model is used as a virtual testing method. The results are analyzed in the framework of the failure assessment diagram (FAD), showing that the existing shape of the FAD is also suitable for assessments of blunt defects and how the concepts introduced can be used to reduce the conservatism in defect assessment, define margins on failure and indicate when plastic collapse is the dominant failure mechanism. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>
Oh, Chang-Sik,Kim, Yun-Jae,Yoon, Kee-Bong,Ainsworth, Robert A.,Nikbin, Kamran Elsevier 2010 Engineering fracture mechanics Vol.77 No.3
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>In this paper, the relationship between the <I>C<SUB>t</SUB></I> and contour integrals for small-scale transient creep conditions is established, via elastic-creep finite element analysis. It is found that the <I>C<SUB>t</SUB></I> integral is similar to the contour integral value evaluated roughly at the creep zone size defined as the boundaries where time-dependent effective creep strains equal the instantaneous effective elastic strains and measured normal to the crack plane at the crack tip.</P>