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A deep learning approach for prediction of Parkinson’s disease progression
Afzal Hussain Shahid,Maheshwari Prasad Singh 대한의용생체공학회 2020 Biomedical Engineering Letters (BMEL) Vol.10 No.2
This paper proposes a deep neural network (DNN) model using the reduced input feature space of Parkinson’s telemonitoringdataset to predict Parkinson’s disease (PD) progression. PD is a chronic and progressive nervous system disorder that aff ectsbody movement. PD is assessed by using the unifi ed Parkinson’s disease rating scale (UPDRS). In this paper, fi rstly, principalcomponent analysis (PCA) is employed to the featured dataset to address the multicollinearity problems in the dataset andto reduce the dimension of input feature space. Then, the reduced input feature space is fed into the proposed DNN modelwith a tuned parameter norm penalty (L2) and analyses the prediction performance of it in PD progression by predictingMotor and Total-UPDRS score. The model’s performance is evaluated by conducting several experiments and the result iscompared with the result of previously developed methods on the same dataset. The model’s prediction accuracy is measuredby fi tness parameters, mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and coeffi cient of determination (R 2 ). The MAE, RMSE, and R 2 values are 0.926, 1.422, and 0.970 respectively for motor-UPDRS. These values are 1.334, 2.221,and 0.956 respectively for Total-UPDRS. Both the Motor and Total-UPDRS score is better predicted by the proposed method. This paper shows the usefulness and effi cacy of the proposed method for predicting the UPDRS score in PD progression.
Afzal Muhammad Babar Shahzad,Riaz Muhammad,Shad Sarfraz Ali,Ijaz Mamuna 한국응용곤충학회 2022 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.25 No.4
Emamectin benzoate, a non-systemic, translaminar, and broad spectrum insecticide, is excessively used in cotton. It kills the pest by suppressing the muscle contraction. Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudo coccidae) is one of the major sap sucking pests of cotton in many countries and has been shown resistance to various insecticides. In this study, we have continuously selected P. solenopsis with emamectin benzoate in the laboratory from G 3 to G 18 to determine the resistance development and resistance risk to emamectin benzoate and also to evaluate the dynamics of cross-resistance (CR) development with three other insecticides. After continuing selection of P. solenopsis for 16 generations with emamectin benzoate, the emamectin selected strain (Ema-SEL) developed a 280.15-fold resistance when tested at G 19 . Ema-SEL strain showed no CR to abamectin (0.28–1.65-fold), and profenofos (0.12–0.29-fold), but a very low to low CR to cypermethrin (6.02–11.29-fold). Abamectin was negatively cross-resistant with emamectin benzoate in Ema-SEL strain at G 13 , G 15 and G 19 while profenofos also exhibited similar results at G 13 , G 15 , G 17 and G 19 . Realized heritability (h 2 ) of resistance to emamectin benzoate was 0.24 from G 3 to G 19 . The results of projected rate of resistance development showed that if h 2 = 0.24, 0.34, and 0.44 at slope = 1.08, then 2.03, 1.43, and 1.11 generations, respectively are required for tenfold increase in LC 50 at 95 % selection intensity. Results of the present study suggested that P. solenopsis has the ability to develop resistance to emamectin benzoate but it can be managed by the alternate use of other insecticides including abamectin, profenofos and cypermethrin due to lack of/or very low to low CR with these insecticides.
EFFECT OF VITAMIN E AND SELENIUM ON IMMUNITY IN NEWBORN JERSEY AND BUFFALO CALVES
Afzal, M.,Hussain, M.,Khan, K.N.M.,Munir, R. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1988 Animal Bioscience Vol.1 No.1
Effect of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on immunity was studied in newborn Jersey and buffalo calves. The supplement contained 500 mg vitamin E and $200\;{\mu}g$ selenium; and was fed daily from birth to day 30. Differences in weight gain, total leucocytic count, differential leucocytic count, antibody titre and susceptibility to disease were found to be nonsignificant between supplemented and control calves during the study period of 3 months. Vitamin E seemed to enhance the recovery from disease in buffalo calves. Buffalo calves were found to be more sensitive to selenium toxicity than Jersey calves.
Shape Optimization of Micro-channel Heat Sink for Micro-electronic Cooling
Afzal Husain(후세인아프잘),Kwang-Yong Kim(김광용) 한국유체기계학회 2006 유체기계 연구개발 발표회 논문집 Vol.- No.-
A numerical investigation of three dimensional fluid flow and heat transfer in a rectangular micro-channel has been carried out using water as a cooling fluid in a silicon substrate. Navier-Stokes and energy equations for laminar flow and conjugate heat transfer are solved using a finite volume solver. Solutions are first carefully validated with the experimental results available; the shape of the micro-channel is then optimized using surrogate methods. Ratios of width of the micro-channel to depth and width of the fin to depth are selected as design variables. Design points are selected through three level D-optimal designs. A single objective function thermal resistance, formulated using pumping power as constraint, is optimized. Response surface analysis, Kriging and Radial basis neural network methods are applied to construct surrogates and the optimum point is searched by sequential quadratic programming.
Effects of Latin hypercube sampling on surrogate modeling and optimization
Afzal, Arshad,Kim, Kwang-Yong,Seo, Jae-won Korean Society for Fluid machinery 2017 International journal of fluid machinery and syste Vol.10 No.3
Latin hypercube sampling is widely used design-of-experiment technique to select design points for simulation which are then used to construct a surrogate model. The exploration/exploitation properties of surrogate models depend on the size and distribution of design points in the chosen design space. The present study aimed at evaluating the performance characteristics of various surrogate models depending on the Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) procedure (sample size and spatial distribution) for a diverse set of optimization problems. The analysis was carried out for two types of problems: (1) thermal-fluid design problems (optimizations of convergent-divergent micromixer coupled with pulsatile flow and boot-shaped ribs), and (2) analytical test functions (six-hump camel back, Branin-Hoo, Hartman 3, and Hartman 6 functions). The three surrogate models, namely, response surface approximation, Kriging, and radial basis neural networks were tested. The important findings are illustrated using Box-plots. The surrogate models were analyzed in terms of global exploration (accuracy over the domain space) and local exploitation (ease of finding the global optimum point). Radial basis neural networks showed the best overall performance in global exploration characteristics as well as tendency to find the approximate optimal solution for the majority of tested problems. To build a surrogate model, it is recommended to use an initial sample size equal to 15 times the number of design variables. The study will provide useful guidelines on the effect of initial sample size and distribution on surrogate construction and subsequent optimization using LHS sampling plan.
Afzal, Ramsha,Shim, Won-Sik The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology 2017 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.25 No.5
Recent reports claimed that glucosylsphingosine (GS) is highly accumulated and specifically evoking itch-scratch responses in the skins of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. However, it was unclear how GS can trigger itch-scratch responses, since there were no known molecular singling pathways revealed yet. In the present study, it was verified for the first time that GS can activate mouse serotonin receptor 2a (mHtr2a) and 2b (mHtr2b), but not 2c (mHtr2c) that are expressed in HEK293T cells. Specifically, effects of GS on all mouse serotonin receptor 2 subfamily were evaluated by calcium imaging techniques. The GS-induced intracellular calcium increase was dose-dependent, and antagonists such as ketanserin (Htr2a antagonist) and RS-127445 (Htr2b antagonist) significantly blocked the GS-induced responses. Moreover, the proposed GS-induced responses appear to be mediated by phospholipase C (PLC), since pretreatment of a PLC inhibitor U-73122 abolished the GS-induced responses. Additionally, the GS-induced calcium influx is probably mediated by endogenous TRPC ion channels in HEK293T cells, since pretreatment of SKF-96365, an inhibitor for TRPC, significantly suppressed GS-induced response. In conclusion, the present study revealed for the first time that GS can stimulate mHtr2a and mHtr2b to induce calcium influx, by utilizing PLC-dependent pathway afterwards. Considering that GS is regarded as a pruritogen in AD, the present study implicates a novel GS-induced itch signaling pathway.