Education in Korea : 1945-1955

Adams UMI 1990 국내박사

Precision-based program optimization

Adams, Gary Edward Cornell University 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

Precision-based program optimization, as discussed in this dissertation, refers to the development of software systems in which the representation of numerical values is treated as a variable parameter that can be adjusted to improve program performance or reduce cost. These optimization and analysis techniques are motivated by the need to select appropriate word lengths for processing on custom or reconfigurable hardware. The benefits of reduced word length computing include savings on circuit area, power consumption, and execution time, compared to traditional fixed word length processor-based implementations. The first topic of this thesis is a formulation of numerical stability and round-off errors that enables automated analysis of matrix computations. The finite-precision properties of matrix algorithms are expressed by a set of precision transfer functions associated with each algorithm. The precision transfer functions and precision-parameterized cost functions for an operation are specified in a model for the operation, contained in a data structure called a <italic>multi-instance library</italic>. The subsequent topics of this thesis describe a program representation called a <italic>multi-instance dataflow graph</italic>. The multi-instance dataflow graph represents multiple competing implementations of an operation. It also provides a framework for the propagation of finite-precision error intervals in a program, using precision transfer functions defined in the multi-instance library. Lastly, the thesis presents techniques for static selection of numerical formats and word lengths for each data variable and arithmetic operation in a program. A program fragment from a adaptive radar data processing computation is used to demonstrate the precision analysis and program optimizations.

Old French, null subjects, and verv second phenomena

Adams, Marianne Patalino University of California 1987 해외박사

Germ cell nuclear factor and testicular receptor 4: Potential regulators of c-mos transcription

Adams, Alexandra Zilz Boston University 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

The proto-oncogene c-mos is specifically expressed in germ cells. Previous studies have shown that the orphan nuclear receptor chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (COUP-TF) represses c- mos transcription in somatic cells. In this study, two other orphan nuclear hormone receptors, germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF) and testicular receptor 4 (TR4), were studied to determine their potential roles in regulating c-mos. Gel mobility shift assays demonstrated that GCNF binds to an extended half site overlapping the COUP-TF binding site within the c- mos regulatory region. Transfection of NIH 3T3 cells with GCNF fused to a VP16 activation domain stimulated transcription from a reporter plasmid containing the c-mos regulatory region. However, transfection with GCNF alone resulted in a slight repression of the c-mos promoter. Since GCNF and Mos are normally expressed in germ cells, the appropriate ligands and co-regulators needed for GCNF to activate c-mos may not be present in somatic cells. Therefore, either GCNF is a repressor of c-mos regulation or other factors are needed for GCNF to activate c-mos in germ cells. TR4 is present at the round spermatid stage of spermatogenesis, when c-mos is transcribed, and has been shown to be a transcriptional activator. Computational analysis predicted several TR4 binding sites within the c-mos regulatory region, and in vitro assays demonstrated that TR4 bound to three direct hexamer repeats. Transfection of NIH 3T3 cells demonstrated activation of the c-mos reporter by TR4. However, a control reporter lacking c-mos sequences was similarly activated, so it remains to be determined whether TR4 is activating transcription from c-mos sequences. Testes of wild-type and TR4 knockout mice displayed no significant difference in c-mos transcript levels, indicating that TR4 is not required for germ cell expression of c-mos. However, this may be due to another transcription factor, such as the paralogous protein TR2, compensating for TR4 in the knockout testes. These studies thus indicate that TR4 binds to sequences in the c- mos regulatory region, but further work is needed to determine the role of TR4 in the regulation of c-mos.

Evaluating quality of life, functional capabilities, and coping strategies of people with chronic pain taking opioids versus no opioids

Adams, Nancy Jane The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

Chronic non-malignant pain (CNP) represents a significant challenge for 80 million Americans who suffer with these intractable pains that are resistant to medical interventions. Many people with CNP must rely on the use of opioids, such as MS Contin<super>®</super>, Duragesic Patch<super>®</super>, Oramorph SR<super>®</super>, and OxyContin<super>®</super> for long-term pain relief. Opioid therapy for the treatment of CNP, however, has been hotly debated. Concerns about opioid therapy have stemmed from claims about addiction liability, tolerance to opioid analgesia, cognitive impairment, and alterations in physical functioning. Central to the debate over opioid therapy is the issue of the impact of opioids on the patient's quality of life, including functional capabilities. A telephone survey of 89 individuals with chronic non-malignant pain attending the University of Wisconsin's Pain or Rehabilitation Clinics revealed 56 (63%) consistently used opioids for pain relief and 33 (37%) did not use opioids. Differences were reported in the physical component summary (PCS) of the SF-36v2 revealing that individuals on opioid therapy had significantly more bodily pain (<italic>p</italic> = .002), more physical dysfunction (<italic> p</italic> = .006), and physical role limitations (e.g., difficulty performing work, limited in the kind of work) (<italic>p</italic> = .005). However, similar percentage of opioid users (20%, <italic>n</italic> = 11) and non-opioid users (18%, <italic>n</italic> = 6) either worked full-time or went to school full-time. No differences were discovered in the mental component summary (MCS) of the SF-36v2 between the two groups. Utilizing the Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS), opioid-users reported more severe, life interfering (Grade 4) chronic pain (<italic>p</italic> = .008) compared to non-opioid users. The Quality of Life Scale (QOLS) found opioid-users were significantly less satisfied (<italic> p</italic> = .009) in various life areas (e.g., health, work, socializing, and active recreation) than individuals not using opioids. Aside from “taking pain medication”, there were no significant differences in the behavioral and cognitive coping strategies both groups used for pain relief.

Elementary interns' knowledge and implementation of accommodations for diverse learners

Adams, Alyson J University of Florida 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

Students with a range of abilities and disabilities are being included in general education classrooms in increasing numbers, and teachers need an extensive repertoire of strategies and accommodations in order to meet the needs of all learners in a single classroom. Unified general and special education teacher education programs have emerged as one way to help preservice teachers learn how to meet the needs of diverse learners. The purpose of this study was to investigate how four interns prepared in such a program conceptualize and implement accommodations for diverse learners. Three guiding questions framed this study: (1) How do elementary education interns prepared in a unified teacher education program; (a) conceptualize "diverse learners"? (b) conceptualize what it means to accommodate for diverse learners? (2) How do the interns accommodate for diverse learners during their internship placements? (3) What factors influence the extent to which the interns are able to put their personal conceptualizations into action?. Phenomenological research methodology was used to study 4 preservice teachers during a 12-week internship placement. The participants were selected based on recommendations that they were capable interns, placed with cooperating teachers that allowed interns freedom to try new strategies in the classroom. Data sources for each participant consisted of 7 classroom observations and reflective interviews, 2 semi-structured interviews, a member check interview, and lesson plan artifacts. From these data, 4 case studies were prepared to describe how each participant thought about accommodations and then put that conception into action. A cross-case analysis was done to identify dilemmas the interns faced as they implemented accommodations. Each intern was able to articulate her knowledge and beliefs about diverse learners and accommodations and had different approaches for putting these conceptions into action. The approaches ranged from viewing accommodations largely in terms of remediation for students who were not achieving to grade-level standards, to viewing accommodation as a way to redesign curriculum so that students could interact with content in ways that better met their needs. The interns identified dilemmas related to definitions of fairness, grading and assessment, and implementation constraints that affected the ways they approached accommodation.

Historical fictions: Representations of nineteenth-century Jewish salons

Adams, Jutta Schmitt Princeton University 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation investigates how perceptions of Jewish salons in nineteenth-century Berlin have been shaped and manipulated by various kinds of texts. The story of salons is a non-linear tale with a complex and often obscure transmission history that is reflected in the primary and secondary literature. Most salon research appears to be based on letters, memoirs and other "non-fictional" writings. However, as the subsequent analysis illustrates, historical novels have played a significant role in transmitting reliable and unreliable information about Jewish women and their social circles. As narratives, histories have certain structural principles in common with other texts. The first chapter examines the similarities between fictional and non-fictional narratives and addresses problems associated with representing historical events in writing. Three case studies demonstrate how texts that appear to be legitimate historical representations may in fact lead to the transmission of myths and misperceptions about the past. These examples show that the distinction between history and historical fiction is actually quite subtle. The next three chapters examine representations of Jewish women and their salons in six nineteenth-century novels. Fanny Lewald's Prinz Louis Ferdinand and Kathinka Zitz's Rahel oder dreiunddrei&bgr;ig Jahre aus einem edeln Frauenleben depict Rahel Levin Varnhagen in historical novels that rely heavily on contemporary sources. Luise Muhlbach's Rastatt und Jena and George Hesekiel's Vor Jena examine the role of Jewesses in Prussian society from diametrically opposed political perspectives. Finally, Willibald Alexis' Ruhe ist die erste Burgerpflicht and Theodor Fontane's Schach von Wuthenow draw implicit parallels between the experiences of Jewesses and other disadvantaged social groups in critical portraits of nineteenth-century society. The last chapter of the dissertation traces how a diverse selection of twentieth-century texts transmits inaccurate information about Jewish salons. Close readings of these writings reveal their reliance on a small body of literature that includes the historical novels discussed in the previous chapters. In their treatment of various kinds of primary and secondary sources as though they were interchangeable, these studies approach the status of historical fiction themselves.

Allocation of funds at the service academies: Trends in the ratios of instructional to administrative expenditures from 1976 through 1995

Adams, Carole J The Ohio State University 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

The cost to individuals and society of obtaining a baccalaureate degree rose significantly in the last quarter of the twentieth century with tuition and fees rising more than twice the rate of inflation. At issue is whether public colleges use their increased funds to support mission (instructional) or support (administrative) functions. Studies concerning cost growth and uses of funds at public colleges and universities have been conducted; however, one small, publicly funded group of colleges, the service academies, was omitted. This study investigated funds usage at the United States Military Academy, the United States Naval Academy and the United States Air Force Academy and discovered how their ratios of instructional to administrative costs changed from 1976 through 1995. This study was designed to answer the question "Where does the money go?" at the service academies. Expenditure data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data Survey (IPEDS) was collected by academy, categorized as instructional or administrative, adjusted for inflation through use of the Higher Education Price Index, and divided by the number of student units at each academy to determine both the instructional and administrative cost per student unit. Bi-variate linear regression analysis was used to determine whether these costs per student unit, and the ratios between them, remained constant at the 95% confidence level from 1976 through 1995. The resulting statistics showed the ratio of instructional to administrative costs per student unit increased at all three academies: the desirable outcome. However, the seemingly favorable spending patterns at the academies may well be the result of inconsistent accounting practices called into question by the General Accounting Office (GAO) as early as 1975. Unless the academies are held accountable for their cost reporting system by a more diverse Board of Visitors as recommended by the GAO, the validity of their favorable practices for spending nearly $1 billion per year in public funds cannot be fully substantiated.

Local advantage: Community resources, teacher attributes, and student mathematics achievement in rural northwest China

Adams, Jennifer H Harvard University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

In China, a growing awareness that many areas have been left behind during an era characterized by market reform has raised concerns about the impact of community disadvantage on schooling. In these papers, I use data from the Gansu Survey of Children and Families (GSCF-1) to examine the relationship between student achievement and the characteristics of communities and their local schools in one of China's poorest provinces. The GSCF-1 examines children's schooling, achievement, and welfare in the context of rural poverty by integrating a primary survey of children with separate instruments that measure family, village, and school environments. In my study, I investigate an analytic sample of 436 children linkable to secondary samples of mothers, homeroom teachers, school principals, and village leaders. In the first paper, I investigate whether villages exert distinct influences on student achievement. Does living in a particular community provide children with an educational advantage? Do economic and social resources in the community affect student achievement? I begin by investigating the "fixed-effects" of village on student achievement. My analyses indicate that controlling for student background, the village in which a child lives influences his or her mathematics achievement. Next, building on these results, I address my second question by replacing the village "fixed-effects" by their equivalent random-effects to explore whether specific community characteristics influence student achievement. My results reveal that children who live in villages with a higher per pupil expenditure from non-governmental resources have higher mathematics achievement, net of controls. Similarly, children who live in villages with higher levels of social capital have higher math scores on average. In the second paper, I use random-effects analysis to examine whether teacher attributes make a difference for student mathematics achievement in rural China. What kind of teacher characteristics matter? And what role might teacher attributes play in linking community disadvantage to student achievement? These analyses demonstrate not only that teachers matter for student mathematics achievement, but also reveal a complex picture of what kind of teacher characteristics make a difference in resource-constrained rural schools.

An approach to real-time adaptive decision making in dynamic distributed systems

Adams, Kevin P Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universit 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

Efficient operation of a dynamic system requires (near) optimal real-time control decisions. Those decisions depend on a set of control parameters that change over time. Very often, the optimal decision can be made only with the knowledge of future values of control parameters. As a consequence, the decision process is heuristic in nature. The optimal decision can be determined only after the fact, once the uncertainty is removed. For some types of dynamic systems, the heuristic approach can be very effective. The basic premise is that the future values of control parameters can be predicted with sufficient accuracy. We can either predict those value based on a good model of the system or based on historical data. In many cases, the good model is not available. In that case, prediction using historical data is the only option. It is necessary to detect similarities with the current situation and extrapolate future values. In other words, we need to (quickly) identify patterns in historical data that match the current data pattern. The low sensitivity of the optimal solution is critical. Small variations in data patterns should affect minimally the optimal solution. Resource allocation problems and other "discrete decision systems" are good examples of such systems. The main contribution of this work is a novel heuristic methodology that uses neural networks for classifying, learning and detecting changing patterns, as well as making (near) real-time decisions. We improve on existing approaches by providing a real-time adaptive approach that takes into account changes in system behavior with minimal operational delay without the need for an accurate model. The methodology is validated by extensive simulation and practical measurements. Two metrics are proposed to quantify the quality of control decisions as well as a comparison to the optimal solution.