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X-ray induced effects in Sm3+-doped ZnO-P2O5 glass for radiation measurements
Go Okada,Hirokazu Masai,Aya Torimoto,Safa Kasap,Takayuki Yanagida 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2016 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.17 No.3
We have studied X-ray induced effects on ZnO-P2O5 glass doped with Sm3+ ion. The glass was synthesized by a conventionalmelt-quenching method in an ambient atmosphere. We have investigated the following three different effects induced by Xrayirradiation in this glass, which can be used for radiation sensing applications. First, although the as-prepared glass sampleis highly transparent and homogeneous, upon irradiation with X-rays, the sample becomes slightly brownish due to anappearance of color centers induced by X-ray irradiation which can be measured as an optical absorption in the UV-Vis range. By utilizing the extent of absorption change by X-ray irradiation, it is possible to measure the incident radiation dose fromabout 0.5 to over 20 Gy. Second, with the Sm3+ ion included as a luminescent centre, the glass sample emits orange-red lightupon X-ray irradiation. The integrated light emission is proportional to the incident X-ray dose, hence it can be used as ascintillator plate for online radiation monitoring. The confirmed exposure dose detection range for this use is approximately1 -300 R. Last, when an irradiated sample is heated at elevated temperatures from 100 to 400 oC, it shows a thermallystimulatedluminescence (TSL). The emission intensity increases with the accumulated X-ray dose delivered prior to themeasurement, so our sample has a function to act as a TSL dosimeter as well. Over the radiation dose range we have tested,the X-ray induced effects above show linear response against the incident dose. The linear response is of particular importancefor dosimetry applications since it enables us to calibrate the response of sample to radiation dose with high accuracy.
EMERGENT LEADERSHIP IN EXTREME EVENTS: A KNOWLEDGE COMMONS FOR SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES
LOUISE K. COMFORT,AYA OKADA 한국행정학회 2013 International Review of Public Administration Vol.18 No.1
Extreme events create extraordinary demands on public managers, particularly at national and international scales of operation. The rapid escalation of demand in contexts of urgent need, scarce resources, and cascading, interdependent consequences challenges the physical, intellectual, technical, and social skills of public managers in profound ways, with high potential for failure at sobering costs. We examine this process of evolving leadership in two different disaster contexts, Haiti and Japan, and conclude that developing a “knowledge commons” or interactive information infrastructure offers a constructive means of improving decision processes for public managers by engaging a wider exchange of knowledge and skills in situations of deep uncertainty. Timely, valid information becomes the key resource in mobilizing collective action in response to disaster in both developed and developing countries.