Energy utilization, nutrient digestibility and bone quality of broiler chickens fed Tanzania-type diets in different forms with enzymes

( Edwin Peter Chang’a ),( Medani Eldow Abdallh ),( Emmanuel Uchenna Ahiwe ),( Mohammed Al-qahtani ),( Said Mbaga ),( Paul Ade Iji ) 한국축산학회 2019 한국축산학회지 Vol.61 No.4

A study was conducted to determine the influence of feed form and microbial enzyme supplementation on energy utilization, bone quality, and amino acid and mineral digestibility of broiler chickens. Four hundred and eighty Ross 308, day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to eight diets formulated from commonly used ingredients in Tanzania. A 2 (pellet or mash) × 4 (control, Axtra XB, Quantum Blue (QB) and Axtra XB + QB enzyme) factorial array in a completely randomized design having six replicates per treatment (10 birds per replicate) was used. Birds were raised in climate-controlled rooms in a 3-phase; starter (0-10 days), grower (11-24 days) and finisher (25-35 days). Apparent metabolizable energy (AME), metabolizable energy intake, net energy of production, energy retained as protein (REp), and efficiency of metabolizable energy use for energy and protein retention were higher (p < 0.05) in birds fed pelleted diets. The AME and REp was higher (p < 0.05) with enzyme supplementation. Ash content, weight, length, width and breaking strength of tibia bones were highest (p < 0.05) in birds on pelleted diets. Tibia bone traits were improved (p < 0.05) when enzymes were included, particularly in a combination of QB and Axtra XB. However, potassium, magnesium, and zinc contents were highest (p < 0.05) when QB was supplemented. Digestibility of all amino acids was higher (p < 0.05) in birds supplied with pellets and with enzyme supplementation for most amino acids, except for serine. There was a positive interaction (p < 0.05) between feed form and enzymes on lysine and phenylalanine digestibility. Digestibility of Ca, P, K, S, Zn, and Fe was higher (p < 0.05) in birds fed pelleted diets, while those on mashed diets had higher (p < 0.05) digestibility of Cu and B. The digestibility of P, K, and Zn was highest (p < 0.001) when QB was added, while Ca, P, S, and B digestibility was highest when a combination of Axtra XB + QB was applied. Pelleted diets with or without enzymes improved energy utilization, digestibility of amino acids, and minerals, and increased bone strength in broiler chickens.

A-61 : Multivariate Monitoring, Control and Optimization for a Sustainable Biological Treatment Operation

유창규,( Peter A Vanrolleghem ),이인범 한국화학공학회 2007 화학공학의이론과응용 Vol.10 No.2

Due to increasing environmental constraints, efficient modeling and monitoring methods are becoming more and more important. Reliable process engineering tools for sustainable biological operation are necessary to maintain the system performance as close as possible to optimal conditions. The ultimate objective of this research is to suggest the integrated framework of modeling, process monitoring, control and optimization for a sustainable biological treatment operation. Under the proposed approach, process information obtained from statistical monitoring techniques is utilized to monitor the biological treatment process, to monitor a microbial population dynamics, to design the supervisory control, and finally to optimize the operating condition. Specially, we developed a new long-term monitoring technique by integrating process engineering data and microbiology tool, which can monitor and may manipulate the various microorganisms community to enrich the organisms distribution and maintain uniform sludge properties. Finally, a study to provide an integrated framework is attempted and has been applied to a pilot-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR).

Replacement value of cassava for maize in broiler chicken diets supplemented with enzymes

Chang'a Edwin Peter,Abdallh Medani Eldow,Ahiwe Emmanuel Uchenna,Mbaga Said,Zhu Ze Yuan,Fru-Nji Fidelis,Iji Paul Ade 아세아·태평양축산학회 2020 Animal Bioscience Vol.33 No.7

Objective: Pellet durability, particle size distribution, growth response, tibia bone characteristics and energy retention were measured to evaluate cassava as an alternative energy source to replace maize in broiler diets with or without Ronozyme (A+VP) enzyme composites. Methods: A total of 480 one-day broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 8 treatments in a 4×2 factorial arrangement. Four levels of cassava: (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%) and 2 levels of enzymes (0 and 500 g/tonne) were used. Each treatment was replicated six times, with ten birds per replicate. Results: The particle size distribution in the diets showed an increasing trend of small particles with increase in cassava level. Pellet durability decreased (p<0.05) with cassava inclusion. Feed intake was highest in birds fed diets with medium cassava level at 1 to 24 d and 1 to 35 d of age. The body weight gain of birds reduced (p<0.037) as cassava level increased, but it increased (p<0.017 when enzymes were added. The feed conversion ratio was high (p<0.05) when cassava level was increased, but it reduced (p<0.05) when enzymes were added. The dressing percentage (DP), and weight of drumsticks reduced (p<0.05) with increasing cassava level. Enzyme supplementation increased (p<0.05) DP, and weight of breast, thighs and drumsticks. Ash content, weight, length, width, and bone strength decreased (p<0.05) when cassava level was increased, however, they were increased with enzyme addition. The contents of Ca, K, and Zn were raised (p<0.001) with increasing cassava level. Enzyme inclusion increased (p<0.001) all mineral contents in tibia bones. Body fat and energy retained as fat decreased (p<0.001) as cassava level increased. Enzyme inclusion increased (p<0.05) body protein content and energy retained as protein. Conclusion: Although broiler performance was depressed by high levels of cassava inclusion, it was not affected by low levels, which further improved by enzyme supplementation.

Characterisation and Durability of a Vitrified Wasteform for Simulated Chrompik III Waste

Walling, Sam A.,Gardner, Laura J.,Pang, H.K. Celine,Mann, Colleen,Corkhill, Claire L.,Mikusova, Alexandra,Lichvar, Peter,Hyatt, Neil C. Korean Radioactive Waste Society 2021 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.19 No.3

Legacy waste from the decommissioned A-1 nuclear power plant in the Slovak Republic is scheduled for immobilisation within a tailored alkali borosilicate glass formulation, as part of ongoing site cleanup. The aqueous durability and characterisation of a simulant glass wasteform for Chrompik III legacy waste, was investigated, including dissolution experiments up to 112 days (90℃, ASTM Type 1 water). The wasteform was an amorphous, light green glassy product, with no observed phase separation or crystalline inclusions. Aqueous leach testing revealed a suitably durable product over the timescale investigated, comparing positively to other simulant nuclear waste glasses and vitreous products tested under similar conditions. Iron and titanium rich precipitates were observed to form at the surface of monolithic samples during leaching, with the formation of an alkali deficient alteration layer behind these at later ages. Overall this glass appears to perform well, and in line with expectations for this chemistry, although longer-term testing would be required to predict overall durability. This work will contribute to developing confidence in the disposability of vitrified Chrompik legacy wastes.

Reversible Suprasellar Pituitary Mass Secondary to Hypothyroidism

Atchison, Joycelyn A.,Lee, Peter A.,Albright, A. Leland MediMedia Korea 1990 JAMA-Korea Vol.5 No.2

Synergistic amplification of beta-amyloid- and interferon-gamma-induced microglial neurotoxic response by the senile plaque component chromogranin A.

Twig, Gilad,Graf, Solomon A,Messerli, Mark A,Smith, Peter J S,Yoo, Seung H,Shirihai, Orian S American Physiological Society 2005 American journal of physiology. Cell physiology Vol.288 No.1

<P>Activation of the microglial neurotoxic response by components of the senile plaque plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia induce neurodegeneration primarily by secreting nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), and hydrogen peroxide. Central to the activation of microglia is the membrane receptor CD40, which is the target of costimulators such as interferon-gamma (IFNgamma). Chromogranin A (CGA) is a recently identified endogenous component of the neurodegenerative plaques of AD and Parkinson's disease. CGA stimulates microglial secretion of NO and TNFalpha, resulting in both neuronal and microglial apoptosis. Using electrochemical recording from primary rat microglial cells in culture, we have shown in the present study that CGA alone induces a fast-initiating oxidative burst in microglia. We compared the potency of CGA with that of beta-amyloid (betaA) under identical conditions and found that CGA induces 5-7 times greater NO and TNFalpha secretion. Coapplication of CGA with betaA or with IFNgamma resulted in a synergistic effect on NO and TNFalpha secretion. CD40 expression was induced by CGA and was further increased when betaA or IFNgamma was added in combination. Tyrphostin A1 (TyrA1), which inhibits the CD40 cascade, exerted a dose-dependent inhibition of the CGA effect alone and in combination with IFNgamma and betaA. Furthermore, CGA-induced mitochondrial depolarization, which precedes microglial apoptosis, was fully blocked in the presence of TyrA1. Our results demonstrate the involvement of CGA with other components of the senile plaque and raise the possibility that a narrowly acting agent such as TyrA1 attenuates plaque formation.</P>

Transient Overexpression of TGF-β1 Induces Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in the Rodent Peritoneum

Margetts, Peter J.,Bonniaud, Philippe,Liu, Limin,Hoff, Catherine M.,Holmes, Clifford J.,West-Mays, Judith A.,Kelly, Margaret M. American Society of Nephrology 2005 Journal of the American Society of Nephrology Vol.16 No.2

<P>Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process involved in many growth and repair functions, has been identified in the peritoneal tissues of patients who undergo peritoneal dialysis. The sequence of changes in gene regulation and cellular events associated with EMT after TGF-beta1-induced peritoneal fibrosis is reported. Sprague-Dawley rats received an intraperitoneal injection of an adenovirus vector that transfers active TGF-beta1 (AdTGF-beta1) or control adenovirus, AdDL. Animals were killed 0 to 21 days after infection. Peritoneal effluent and tissue were analyzed for markers of EMT. In the animals that were treated with AdTGF-beta1, an increase in expression of genes associated with EMT and fibrosis, such as type I collagen A2, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and the zinc finger regulatory protein Snail, was identified. Transition of mesothelial cells 4 to 7 d after infection, with appearance of epithelial cells in the submesothelial zone 7 to 14 d after exposure to AdTGF-beta1, was demonstrated. This phase was associated with disruption of the basement membrane and increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2. By 14 to 21 d after infection, there was evidence of restoration of normal submesothelial architecture. These findings suggest that EMT occurs in vivo after TGF-beta1 overexpression in the peritoneum. Cellular changes and gene regulation associated with EMT are evident throughout the fibrogenic process and are not limited to early time points. This further supports the central role of TGF-beta1 in peritoneal fibrosis and provides an important model to study the sequence of events involved in TGF-beta1-induced EMT.</P>

DYNAMICAL STRUCTURE OF VISCOUS ACCRETION DISKS WITH SHOCKS

Das, Santabrata,Becker, Peter A.,Le, Truong IOP Publishing 2009 The Astrophysical journal Vol.702 No.1

<P>We develop and discuss global accretion solutions for viscous advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) disks containing centrifugally supported isothermal shock waves. The fact that such shocks can exist at all in ADAF disks is a new result. Interestingly, we find that isothermal shocks can form even when the level of viscous dissipation is relatively high. In order to better understand this phenomenon, we explore all possible combinations of the fundamental flow parameters, such as specific energy, specific angular momentum, and viscosity, to obtain the complete family of global solutions. This procedure allows us to identify the region of the parameter space where isothermal shocks can exist in viscous ADAF disks. The allowed region is maximized in the inviscid case, and it shrinks as the level of viscous dissipation increases. Adopting the canonical value gamma = 1.5 for the ratio of specific heats, we find that the shock region disappears completely when the Shakura-Sunyaev viscosity parameter alpha exceeds the critical value similar to 0.27. This establishes for the first time that steady ADAF disks containing shocks can exist even for relatively high levels of viscous dissipation. If an isothermal shock is present in the disk, it would have important implications for the acceleration of energetic particles that can escape to power the relativistic jets commonly observed around underfed, radio-loud black holes. In two specific applications, we confirm that the kinetic luminosity lost from the disk at the isothermal shock location is sufficient to power the observed relativistic outflows in M87 and Sgr A*.</P>

STUDIES ON ULTRASTRUCTURE AND THREE‐GENE PHYLOGENY OF THE GENUS <i>MALLOMONAS</i> (SYNUROPHYCEAE)

Jo, Bok Yeon,Shin, Woongghi,Boo, Sung Min,Kim, Han Soon,Siver, Peter A. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Journal of phycology Vol.47 No.2

<P>The genus <I>Mallomonas</I>, a common and often abundant member of the planktic community in many freshwater habitats worldwide, consists of 180 species divided into 19 sections and 23 series. Classification of species is based largely on ultrastructural characteristics of the siliceous scales and bristles that collectively form a highly organized covering over the cell. However, the relative importance of the different siliceous features of the scales, such as the dome, V rib, and secondary structures, as well as the different types of scales, in understanding the evolution and phylogeny of the genus is little known. In this study, we investigated the scale and bristle ultrastructure, along with sequences of three genes, for 19 isolates (18 species) of <I>Mallomonas</I> (18 isolates were from Korean habitats). The isolates represented nine of the 19 sections. Sequences for both the nuclear SSU and LSU rDNA and plastid LSU of RUBISCO (<I>rbc</I>L) genes for each of the 19 <I>Mallomonas</I> isolates and four outgroups were determined. Bayesian and maximum‐likelihood (ML) analyses of the data revealed that <I>Mallomonas</I> consists of two strongly supported clades. <I>Mallomonas bangladeshica</I> (E. Takah. et T. Hayak.) Siver et A. P. Wolfe was at the base of the first clade that included taxa from the sections <I>Planae</I> and <I>Heterospinae</I>, both of which lack a V rib on the shield of the scales. Our results indicated that the sections <I>Planae</I> and <I>Heterospinae</I> should be combined. The second clade, with <I>Mallomonas insignis</I> Penard and <I>Mallomonas punctifera</I> Korshikov at the base, contained taxa from the sections <I>Mallomonas, Striatae, Akrokomae, Annulatae, Torquatae, Punctiferae</I>, and <I>Insignes</I>, all of which have V ribs or well‐developed marginal ribs on the scales. Sister relationships between <I>Mallomonas</I> and <I>Striatae</I> were strongly supported, but interrelations among the remaining sections were not resolved, probably due to inclusion of too few species. Our results suggest that the current classification of the genus <I>Mallomonas</I> at the section level will require some revision. Additional species will need to be added in future analyses.</P>

Longer-range lattice anisotropy strongly competing with spin-orbit interactions in pyrochlore iridates

Hozoi, L.,Gretarsson, H.,Clancy, J. P.,Jeon, B.-G.,Lee, B.,Kim, K. H.,Yushankhai, V.,Fulde, Peter,Casa, D.,Gog, T.,Kim, Jungho,Said, A. H.,Upton, M. H.,Kim, Young-June,van den Brink, Jeroen American Physical Society 2014 Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials Vol.89 No.11

In the search for topological phases in correlated electron systems, materials with 5d transition-metal ions, in particular the iridium-based pyrochlores A2Ir2O7, provide fertile grounds. Several topological states have been predicted but the actual realization of such states is believed to critically depend on the strength of local potentials arising from distortions of the IrO6 cages. We test this hypothesis by measuring with resonant inelastic x-ray scattering the electronic level splittings in the A = Y, Eu systems, which we show to agree very well with ab initio quantum chemistry electronic-structure calculations for the series of materials with A = Sm, Eu, Lu, and Y. We find, however, that the primary source for quenching the spin-orbit interaction is not a distortion of the IrO6 octahedra but longer-range lattice anisotropies which inevitably break the local cubic symmetry.