A Unified Frame Work for Discrete Event Systems

Hamdi A. Awad 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2013 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.11 No.5

Early fault detection and isolation minimize cost and processing time of industrial systems. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel delta-marking idea to design a generalized interpreted Petri net-based fault detection and isolation scheme (IPN-based diagnoser) for all PN models. This idea overcomes the event detectability problem that restricts the performance of the conventional dignosers to certain types of Petri net model. Furthermore, a unified framework for a discrete event system that comprises a PN-based model, a PN-based supervisor, and a PN-based diagnoser of a proc-ess under consideration, is built in this paper. In addition, this paper addresses some issues for industrial systems modeling and supervision. A rapid thermal process (RTP) is used as an industrial process to test the proposed unified framework after revising its PN-model. This scheme is not only developed for RTPs, but also can be employed for industrial processes with certain modifications depending on the nature of their structures. Simulation results have confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed unified framework.

Scalable Scenario Specifications to Synthesize Component-centric Behaviour Models

Awad Ali,Dayang N. A. Jawawi,Mohd Adham Isa 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Software Engineering and Vol.9 No.9

Several scenario description languages and associated behaviour synthesis processes have been developed. The goal of these is to synthesize behaviour models from system requirement specifications, in order to enable the early identification of weak design spots or code generation. To date, however, most of the scenario languages are poorly scaled with regards to system sizes. This is because scalability requires more expressive constructs that can help when writing a scenario specification in a concise and compact manner, thereby resulting in a reduced number of scenarios. Furthermore, due to a lack of expressiveness in scenario languages, synthesis algorithms may need to rely on global behaviour models to determine inter-scenario dependencies. The global model is an additional factor that limits the approaches’ scalability. The reason is that the construction of a global model becomes harder as the system specification increases. To tackle these issues, within this article is proposed an expressive scenario description language that provides a concise and compact approach to scenario description, and defines inter-scenario dependencies semantically. A new algorithm that can address the additional constructs of the language was defined, in order to synthesize component-centric behaviour models. The applicability of this work has been demonstrated through both an illustrative example and a real-world case study. The evaluation indicates that the proposed scenario description language is more scalable than existing languages.

Synthesis of New 2-Thiouracil-5-Sulphonamide Derivatives with Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity

O. A. Fathalla,S. M. Awad,M. S. Mohamed 대한약학회 2005 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.28 No.11

2-Thiouracil-5-sulphonic acid N-(4-acetylphenyl) Amide (1) was reacted with a series of aromatic aldehydes giving chalcones 2 (Claisen-Schemidt reaction), some of these chalcones were reacted with urea and thiourea giving pyrimidine-2-one and pyrimidine-2 thione derivatives respectively of the type 3a,b and 4a,b. In addition many chalcones were reacted with hydroxylamine hydrochloride giving isoxazoline derivatives 5a,b. They could also reacted with phenylhydrazine to give pyrazoline derivatives 6a,b, chalcones also were reacted withethylcyano acetate and/or malononitryl in pyridine giving pyran derivatives 7a,c and 8a,c. In another pathway chalcones were epoxidised by H2O2 giving epoxides 9a,c which in turn were reacted with phenylhydrazine giving 4-hydroxypyrazoline derivatives 10a,c. In another reaction chalcones were reacted with ethylcyanoacetate in presence of amm.acetate giving pyridone derivatives 11a,d which could be prepared also in exellent yield from compound 1 by its reaction with certain aromatic aldehydes and ethylcyanoacetate in presence of ammonium acetate. Finally, compound 1 was reacted with semicarbazide giving semicarbazone intermediate 12 which in turn was reacted with thionyl chloride giving thiadiazole derivative 13. The biological effects of some of the new synthesized compounds were also investigated.

Synthesis of New 2-Thiouracil-5-Sulfonamide Derivatives with Biological Activity

Fathalla, O.A.,Zaghary, W.A.,Radwan, H.H.,Awad, S.M.,Mohamed, M.S. The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 2002 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.25 No.3

2-Thiouracil-5-sulfonylchloride 1 reacted with a series of aromatic and heterocyclic amines to give 2a-j. The same compound 1 was reacted with a series of sulphonamides giving different sulphonamides of type 3a-e. On the other hand compound 1 was allowed to react with p-aminoacetophenone givining compound 4 which in turn was allowed to react with derivatives of alkyl thiosemicarbazides to give thiosemicarbazones of type 5a-e, also compound 4 was monobrominated to give compound 6 which in turn was reacted thiosemicarbazones of some aldehydes to give the corresponding thiazole derivatives 7a-f. In the same time compound 4 was reacted with a series of aromatic and heterocyclic aldehydes givining chalcones 8a-g (Claisen-Schemidt reaction). Also compound 4 was allowed to react with a series of aromatic and heterocyclic aldehydes, ethyl cyano acetate and/or malononitrile, and ammonium acetate giving pyridine derivatives 9a-d and 10a-e respectively. The biological effects of some of the new synthesized compounds was also investigated.

Synthesis of New 2-Thiouracil-5-Sulphonamide Derivatives with Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity

Fathalla O. A.,Awad S. M.,Mohamed M. S. The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 2005 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.28 No.11

2-Thiouracil-5-sulphonic acid N-(4-acetylphenyl) Amide (1) was reacted with a series of aromatic aldehydes giving chalcones 2 (Claisen-Schemidt reaction), some of these chalcones were reacted with urea and thiourea giving pyrimidine-2-one and pyrimidine-2 thione derivatives respectively of the type 3a,b and 4a,b. In addition many chalcones were reacted with hydroxylamine hydrochloride giving isoxazoline derivatives 5a,b. They could also reacted with phenylhydrazine to give pyrazoline derivatives 5a,b, chalcones also were reacted withethylcyano acetate and/or malononitryl in pyridine giving pyran derivatives 7a,c and 8a,c. In another pathway chalcones were epoxidised by $H_{2}O_{2}$ giving epoxides 9a,c which in turn were reacted with phenylhydrazine giving 4-hydroxypyrazoline derivatives 10a,c. In another reaction chalcones were reacted with ethylcyanoacetate in presence of amm.acetate giving pyridone derivatives 11a,d which could be prepared also in exellent yield from compound 1 by its reaction with certain aromatic aldehydes and ethylcyanoacetate in presence of ammonium acetate. Finally, compound 1 was reacted with semicarbazide giving semicarbazone intermediate 12 which in turn was reacted with thionyl chloride giving thiadiazole derivative 13. The biological effects of some of the new synthesized compounds were also investigated.

Simplified methods of the 3D-SVPWM for four-wire three-leg inverter

Awad, Fathy H.,Mansour, Ahmed A.,Marei, Mostafa I.,El-Sattar, Ahmed A. The Korean Institute of Power Electronics 2020 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.20 No.6

This paper introduces a novel technique for simplification of a three-dimension space vector pulse width modulation (3D-SVPWM). Conventional SVPWM calculations are based on trigonometric functions or several decomposition matrices. Thus, a very fast embedded controller is needed either for two-dimension space vector pulse width modulation (2D-SVPWM) or 3D-SVPWM. The proposed simplified 3D-SVPWM is dedicated to four-wire three-leg inverters. This technique is based on first-order equations of the curve fitting technique to reduce calculation time. Therefore, this method can be implemented with low memory storage and Central Processing Unit (CPU) capability. In addition, high accuracy can be achieved using higher-order equations. Many approaches are introduced for simplifications. The applications of the proposed simplified 3D-SVPWM method are also provided. Simulation results of the proposed simplified 3D-SVPWM and the conventional 3D-SVPWM are discussed. Finally, the results are verified using a real-time simulator based on Typhoon device (402) as Hardware-In-the-Loop. In addition, the controller of the simplified method is implemented and operated on the C2000 LAUNCHXL-F28379D as a low-cost microcontroller kit.

Biochar, a potential hydroponic growth substrate, enhances the nutritional status and growth of leafy vegetables

Awad, Y.M.,Lee, S.E.,Ahmed, M.B.M.,Vu, N.T.,Farooq, M.,Kim, I.S.,Kim, H.S.,Vithanage, M.,Usman, A.R.A.,Al-Wabel, M.,Meers, E.,Kwon, E.E.,Ok, Y.S. Butterworth-Heinemann, Ltd 2017 Journal of cleaner production Vol.156 No.-

A hydroponics system developed using a nutrient film technique was used to evaluate the effectiveness of rice husk biochar (RB) alone or in combination with perlite (PL) as substrates for increasing the growth of leafy vegetables compared with that of PL. Seedlings of cabbage, dill, mallow, red lettuce, and tatsoi were grown hydroponically in PL, RB, and PL + RB (1:1 ratio of PL to RB, v/v) substrates for a 30-d under optimal environmental conditions in a greenhouse. Shoot length and fresh/dry masses of cabbage, dill, and red lettuce plants grown in RB substrate were decreased by 49% on average compared to those plants grown in PL substrate. In contrast, PL + RB substrate led to approximately 2-fold increases in shoot length, number of leaves, and fresh/dry masses of leafy vegetable plants compared with those grown in PL substrate. Foliar nutritional composition (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Fe, and Zn) and nitrogen status (SPAD index) of plants grown in PL + RB and PL substrates suggested the presence of optimal growth conditions for ensuring optimum yield with high quality. In addition, RB substrate contributed to respective increases of 1.2-3.5-fold in leaf K, Mg, Mn, and Zn contents in most vegetable plants compared with those grown in PL substrate. The RB alone or in combination with PL substrates decreased algal growth in the nutrient solutions as confirmed by scanning electron micrographs of microalgae on the RB surface. The results also indicated that use of PL + RB hydroponic substrate could be an alternative and effective technology for the better management of unwanted algal growth in nutrient solutions and high production of leafy vegetables.

Response of fiber reinforced plastic chimneys to wind loads

Awad, A.S.,El Damatty, A.A.,Vickery, B.J. Techno-Press 2000 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.3 No.2

Due to their high corrosion and chemical resistance, fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) are becoming widely used as the main structural material for industrial chimneys. However, no national code currently exists for the design of such type of chimneys. The purpose of this study is to investigate analytically the response of FRP chimneys to wind loads. The classical lamination theory is used to substitute the angle-ply laminate of a FRP chimney with an equivalent orthotropic material that provides the same stiffness. Dynamic wind loads are applied to the equivalent chimney to evaluate its response to both along and across wind loads. A parametric study is then conducted to identify the material and geometric parameters affecting the response of FRP chimneys to wind loads. Unlike the across-wind response, the along-wind tip deflection is found to be highly dependent on the angle of orientation of the fibers. In general, the analysis shows that FRP chimneys are very vulnerable to across-wind oscillations resulting from the vortex shedding phenomenon.

Zinc(II) modified carbon paste electrodes based on self-assembled mercapto compounds-gold-nanoparticles for its determination in water samples

Tamer Awad Ali,E.M.S. Azzam,M.A. Hegazy,A.F.M. El-Farargy,Ali A. Abd-Elaal 한국공업화학회 2014 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.20 No.5

In the present study newly developed potentiometric sensors for determination of zinc(II) are presented. The proposed potentiometric method was based on the fabrication of modified carbon paste (MCPE; electrode X) and modified gold nanoparticles-carbon paste (GNPs-CPE; electrode IX) sensors. A mercapto compound of 1,4-bis(5-mercaptopentyloxy)-benzene (BMPB) alone or self-assembled on gold nanoparticles was used as modifier to construct electrode (X) and electrode (IX) sensors, respectively. The prepared electrodes exhibit Nernstian slope of 29.93 ± 0.4 and 26.0 ± 1.02 mV decade-1 towards Zn(II) ion over a wide concentration range of 6.8 × 10-10 to 2.9 × 10-2 and 1.0 × 10-7 to 1.0 × 10-2 mol L-1 for electrode (IX) and electrode (X) sensors, respectively. The limit of detection of the electrode (IX) and electrode (X) sensors was found to be 6.8 × 10-10 and 1.0 × 10-7 mol L-1, respectively. The potentiometric response of the electrode (IX) and electrode (X) based on GNPs-BMPB and BMPB are independent of pH of test solution in the pH range of 2.5–8.1 and 3–7 with a response time of 6 and 8 s for electrode (IX) and electrode (X) sensors, respectively. The proposed sensors showed fairly good discriminating ability towards Zn(II) ion in comparison with many hard and soft metal ions. Finally, the proposed electrodes were successfully used as indicator electrodes in potentiometric titration of zinc ion with sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) and in direct determination of Zn(II) ion in some water samples. The results obtained compared well with those obtained using atomic absorption spectrometry.

Experimental and quantum chemical studies of the effect of poly ethylene glycol as corrosion inhibitors of aluminum surface

M.K. Awad,M.S. Metwally,S.A. Soliman,A.A. El-Zomrawy,M.A. bedair 한국공업화학회 2014 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.20 No.3

The corrosion inhibition of poly ethylene glycol (PEG) toward the aluminum surface in 1.0 M HCl hasbeen studied by weight loss and polarization techniques. The results showed that the PEG acts as a goodinhibitor and the inhibition efficiency is due to the anodic and cathodic inhibition (mixed type). Thethermodynamic functions were calculated to find a good correlation with the inhibition efficiency. Quantum chemical parameters were calculated using ab initio and DFT methods to find a goodcorrelation with the inhibition efficiency. A good correlation was found between the theoreticalcalculations and experimental observations.