Involvement in Child Care among Korean Fathers in Multicultural Families

Chung, Grace H. Korean Association of Child Studies 2014 Child studies in Asia-Pacific context Vol.3 No.2

The number of multicultural families with children are growing in South Korea. When it comes to childrearing, co-existence of two different cultures in these families pose unique challenges as husbands and wives navigate differences in norms and practices. The goal of this study was to examine what predicts involvement in child care among South Korean fathers in multicultural families. We hypothesized that the degree of wives' adaptation to South Korea and husbands' cultural characteristics, such as family ideology and cultural competence, would influence father involvement in child care. The sample consisted of 138 Korean fathers and their wives from China. Participants completed a questionnaire. Results showed that South Korean fathers engaged in a moderate level of child care activities. As hypothesized, their Chinese wives' level of adaptation to South Korea and their own cultural characteristics were significantly associated with their involvement in child care. South Korean fathers were more likely to get involved in child care when their wives were less acculturated. Also, culturally considerate and less traditional men in terms of family ideology were more likely to perform child care.

Involvement in Child Care among Korean Fathers in Multicultural Families

Grace H. Chung 한국아동학회 2014 Child studies in Asia-Pacific context Vol.4 No.2

The number of multicultural families with children are growing in South Korea. When it comes to childrearing, co-existence of two different cultures in these families pose unique challenges as husbands and wives navigate differences in norms and practices. The goal of this study was to examine what predicts involvement in child care among South Korean fathers in multicultural families. We hypothesized that the degree of wives`` adaptation to South Korea and husbands`` cultural characteristics, such as family ideology and cultural competence, would influence father involvement in child care. The sample consisted of 138 Korean fathers and their wives from China. Participants completed a questionnaire. Results showed that South Korean fathers engaged in a moderate level of child care activities. As hypothesized, their Chinese wives`` level of adaptation to South Korea and their own cultural characteristics were significantly associated with their involvement in child care. South Korean fathers were more likely to get involved in child care when their wives were less acculturated. Also, culturally considerate and less traditional men in terms of family ideology were more likely to perform child care.

Daily Dynamics of Grateful Mood, Emotional Support from Parents, and Psychological Well-Being across Seven Days among Korean Adolescents

( Grace H. Chung ) 대한가정학회 2016 International Journal of Human Ecology Vol.17 No.2

Even though gratitude is considered as an important virtue to possess for successful adulthood, little is known about what cultivates gratitude and its benefits associated with psychological well-being among adolescents. By examining gratitude as a daily mood, this study asked (1) whether adolescents` daily grateful mood varied as a function of daily parental emotional support and (2) whether adolescents` psychological well-being varied as a function of daily grateful mood within person across seven days. The sample consisted of 70 adolescents in 8th grade recruited from a public middle school. Participants completed daily diary checklists online each evening for seven days. On days when adolescents perceived greater parental emotional support from mother or father than they typically did during the week, they rated their grateful mood to be higher than other days. With more emotional support from father, adolescents reported more grateful mood not only on that day, but also the following day. While this result highlights the important role that parents play in adolescents` experience of grateful mood, emotionally supportive behaviors of fathers appear particularly promising for cultivating gratitude. Further, daily grateful mood on a given day accounted for the significant variance in adolescents` psychological well-being not only on the same day, but also the following day. Research and practical implications of the results are discussed.

청소년들은 어떤 날 더 행복한가?: 부모와의 친밀감이 일상의 행복감에 미치는 영향 및 가구소득과 학교 급에 따른 차이

( Grace H Chung ),이상균 ( Sang Gyun Lee ),유조안 ( Jo An Yoo ) 한국가족관계학회 2015 한국가족관계학회지 Vol.20 No.1

Previous research on adolescent happiness has employed cross-sectional designs and overlooked day-to-day variability in happiness. On the basis of dynamic nature of parent-child interaction and affective experience during adolescence, this study used a daily diary method to examine whether daily intimacy with parents predicted happiness on the same day and the following day in a sample of 452 adolescents across seven days. Participants completed a questionnaire first and then responded to a daily diary checklist each night for seven days. Specifically, this study examined individual differences in daily associations by assessing whether monthly household income, school level, and gender moderated the effect of daily intimacy with parents on daily happiness. For data analysis, this study used a two-level hierarchical linear modeling. Results showed that adolescents were happier on days in which they experienced intimacy with parents and this effect lingered until the next day. In addition, adolescents from families with a monthly household income of 5,000,000won or more were significantly happier on days when they experienced greater intimacy with parents, whereas the magnitude of increase in happiness as a function of intimacy with parents was smaller for adolescents from families with a monthly household income of 3,000,000won. Further, the effect of intimacy with parents on the next day happiness was significantly greater for 7th graders than 4th graders. No gender difference was found. This study showed that intimacy with parents is a powerful experience, which has significant consequences for happiness in adolescents’ daily lives, particularly among 7th graders and adolescents from families that are financially well-off. Based on the results, we recommended programs designed to enhance parent-child intimacy, particularly for families with 7th graders. In addition, we recommended that practitioners first identify patterns of parent-child relational dynamics in each income group and design customized programs accordingly.

Family Studies : Original Article ; Does Today`s Parental Intimacy Predict Tomorrow`s Peer Interaction in Daily Lives of Korean Adolescents?: A Mediating Role of Daily Self-Evaluation

( Grace H Chung ),( Joan P Yoo ),( Sang Gyun Lee ) 대한가정학회 2015 International Journal of Human Ecology Vol.16 No.1

The primary purpose of this study was to examine to what extent adolescents’ daily self-evaluation mediates the effect of experiencing intimacy in parent-adolescent interactions on positive peer interactions the next day, even after controlling for gender and grade level. We employed a daily diary method for seven days in a sample of 452 Korean adolescents, collecting checklist data at the end of each day. Data were analyzed by using hierarchical linear modeling. According to moderated multilevel mediation analyses, the variance of self-evaluation explained 83% of the variance in the lagged effect of parental intimacy on the next day peer interaction even after the upper-level effects of gender and grade level were accounted for. Forth graders were more likely than 7th graders to have a more positive view of themselves when they experienced parental intimacy the previous day. Girls were less likely to experience positive peer interactions when they perceived less intimacy with their parents the day before. Results suggested that it would be most effective for peer relationship programs to teach parents and adolescents how to experience intimacy in their daily interactions, particularly in ways that help adolescents to think more positively about themselves. It would be helpful for parents to learn about various ways to compliment and encourage the adolescent child in everyday conversations. Lastly, findings in grade level differences also suggest that these programs might be especially effective for 4th graders more than 7th graders.

Does Today's Parental Intimacy Predict Tomorrow's Peer Interaction in Daily Lives of Korean Adolescents?: A Mediating Role of Daily Self-Evaluation

Chung, Grace H.,Yoo, Joan P.,Lee, Sang-Gyun The Korean Home Economics Association 2015 International Journal of Human Ecology Vol.16 No.1

The primary purpose of this study was to examine to what extent adolescents' daily self-evaluation mediates the effect of experiencing intimacy in parent-adolescent interactions on positive peer interactions the next day, even after controlling for gender and grade level. We employed a daily diary method for seven days in a sample of 452 Korean adolescents, collecting checklist data at the end of each day. Data were analyzed by using hierarchical linear modeling. According to moderated multilevel mediation analyses, the variance of self-evaluation explained 83% of the variance in the lagged effect of parental intimacy on the next day peer interaction even after the upper-level effects of gender and grade level were accounted for. Forth graders were more likely than 7th graders to have a more positive view of themselves when they experienced parental intimacy the previous day. Girls were less likely to experience positive peer interactions when they perceived less intimacy with their parents the day before. Results suggested that it would be most effective for peer relationship programs to teach parents and adolescents how to experience intimacy in their daily interactions, particularly in ways that help adolescents to think more positively about themselves. It would be helpful for parents to learn about various ways to compliment and encourage the adolescent child in everyday conversations. Lastly, findings in grade level differences also suggest that these programs might be especially effective for 4th graders more than 7th graders.

[Multicultural Families in Korea] Effect of Family Socialization and Cohesion on Korean Adolescents' Sense of Community

Grace H. Chung,Ji young Lim 가정과삶의질학회 2011 한국가정관리학회 학술발표대회 자료집 Vol.2011 No.5

Daily Dynamics of Grateful Mood, Emotional Support from Parents, and Psychological Well-Being across Seven Days among Korean Adolescents

Chung, Grace H. The Korean Home Economics Association 2016 International Journal of Human Ecology Vol.17 No.2

Even though gratitude is considered as an important virtue to possess for successful adulthood, little is known about what cultivates gratitude and its benefits associated with psychological well-being among adolescents. By examining gratitude as a daily mood, this study asked (1) whether adolescents' daily grateful mood varied as a function of daily parental emotional support and (2) whether adolescents' psychological well-being varied as a function of daily grateful mood within person across seven days. The sample consisted of 70 adolescents in 8th grade recruited from a public middle school. Participants completed daily diary checklists online each evening for seven days. On days when adolescents perceived greater parental emotional support from mother or father than they typically did during the week, they rated their grateful mood to be higher than other days. With more emotional support from father, adolescents reported more grateful mood not only on that day, but also the following day. While this result highlights the important role that parents play in adolescents' experience of grateful mood, emotionally supportive behaviors of fathers appear particularly promising for cultivating gratitude. Further, daily grateful mood on a given day accounted for the significant variance in adolescents' psychological well-being not only on the same day, but also the following day. Research and practical implications of the results are discussed.

결혼이주 여성과 한국인 여성의 결혼만족도 비교연구

그레이스정 ( Grace H. Chung ),임지영 ( Ji Young Lim ) 대한가정학회 2011 Family and Environment Research Vol.49 No.5

본 연구의 목적은 결혼이주여성과 한국인 여성의 결혼만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 규명하는 것이다. 이를 위해 현재 한국에 거주하고 있는 409명의 결혼 이주여성과 474명의 한국인 여성을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 위계적 회귀분석 결과, 평등한 의사결정방식은 결혼 이주여성들만의 결혼만족도를, 우울 수준은 한국인 여성들만의 결혼만족도를 설명하였다. 하지만 남편의 의사소통 양식은 결혼 이주 여성과 한국인 여성 두 집단 모두의 경우에 결혼만족도를 설명하는 가장 강력한 변수였다. 결혼 이주 여성의 경우 문화적 맥락(한국에서의 거주기간, 인종차별 경험) 또한 결혼만족도를 설명하는 중요한 변수였다. 본 연구의 결과는 결혼이주 여성과 한국인 여성의 결혼만족도를 설명하는데 있어 변수들의 상대적 영향력을 규명하고, 결혼이주 여성의 결혼만족도에 있어서 문화적 맥락 변수들의 고유한 기여점을 설명함으로써 결혼 이주 여성의 결혼만족도에 대한 이해를 돕고자 하였다. The purpose of this study was to explore factors related to marital satisfaction among immigrant wives compared to Korean wives of Korean men. Participants included 409 immigrant wives married to Korean men and 474 Korean wives married to Korean men, both currently living in Korea. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that there were different sets of variables that predicted marital satisfaction for each group. Egalitarian decision-making was a significant predictor of marital satisfaction for immigrant wives only, whereas for Korean wives, it was the level of their depressive symptoms that was significantly but negatively associated with marital satisfaction. A wife`s positive perception of her husband`s communication style emerged as the strongest predictor of marital satisfaction for both Korean and immigrant wives. In addition, indicators of the cultural context of immigrant women (i.e., longer stay in Korea and greater frequency of experiencing discrimination in the past year due to their foreign appearance or status) emerged as significant predictors of immigrant wives` marital satisfaction even after taking demographic factors, depressive symptoms, and couple-level factors into account. The findings of this study contribute to existing research by (1) comparing the models of marital satisfaction for Korean wives and immigrant wives, identifying unique predictors for each group, and (2) examining the effect of cultural adaptation on the martial satisfaction of immigrant wives.

다문화청소년의 차별경험이 생활만족도에 미치는 영향과 대처전략의 조절효과

그레이스 정 ( Chung Grace H. ),이지연 ( Lee Jiyeon ) 한국보건사회연구원 2016 保健社會硏究 Vol.36 No.3

이 연구는 다문화가족에 대한 차별이 존재하는 한국사회에서 다문화청소년이 경험하는 차별이 생활만족도에 미치는 영향을 확인하고, 차별의 부정적인 영향을 스트레스대처전략의 각 유형이 어떻게 조절하는가를 살펴보기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 다문화청소년과 어머니 227쌍을 대상으로 수집한 자료를 활용하여 만10-15세 초기청소년211명을 분석하였다. 다문화청소년의 생활만족도를 종속변수로, 이들이 경험한 차별의 강도를 독립변수로, 스트레스 대처전략의 각 유형을 점수화하여 조절변수로 하는 회귀분석을 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 다문화청소년이 경험하는 차별의 강도는 생활만족도에 부정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 적극적 문제해결은 다문화청소년의 생활만족도와 정적인 상관이 있었으나, 심한 차별의 상황에서는 적극적 문제해결이 오히려 생활만족도를 더 낮추었다. 셋째, 소극적 문제해결은 차별의 부정적인 영향을 더욱 증폭시켰다. 넷째, 차별이 심한 상황에서는 회피가 오히려 더 적응적인 결과를 가져오는 것으로 보인다. 다섯째, 지지추구는 차별의 부정적인 효과를 완화시키는 긍정적인 기능을 수행하는 것이 확인되었다. 본 연구는 다문화청소년의 스트레스 대처전략이 차별의 강도에 따라 서로 다른 의미와 결과를 가짐을 확인함으로써 차별과 다문화청소년의 삶의 질에 관한 예방적이고 실천적인 시사점을 제공한다. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between life satisfaction of Korean adolescents in multicultural families and their discrimination experiences. We also attempted to figure out how each coping strategy functions differently according to the intensity of discrimination. To accomplish this goal, we recruited 227 multicultural adolescents and their foreign mothers in pairs, and the sample included 211 early adolescents aged 10-15. We performed hierarchical regression on life satisfaction by entering discrimination score as an independent variable and each coping strategy type as a moderator. The results showed that the perceived intensity of discrimination was negatively associated with life satisfaction. Although the use of active problem-solving strategies was positively related to life satisfaction, it was associated with lower life satisfaction when the intensity of discrimination was high. The use of passive problem-solving strategies intensified the adverse effects of discrimination, while support seeking strategies buffered the negative effects of discrimination on life satisfaction of multicultural adolescents. The use of avoidance strategies brought better outcomes when adolescents perceived that they were severely discriminated against. This study provided preventive and practical implications for multicultural adolescents by examining the relationship among discrimination, coping strategies and life satisfaction and by identifying different meanings of coping strategies depending on the intensity of discrimination experienced.