改新敎 宣敎와 韓國女性 開化

李孝再 崇實大學校 1977 論文集 Vol.7 No.1

都市家族問題 및 地域的 協同에 關한 硏究

李效再,金周淑 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1972 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.20 No.-

I. Objectives of the Survey and Definition of the Problem. II. Sampling and the Research Method. A. Selection of the Area and Sampling of the Households. B. Interviewing. III. Description of the Surveyed Communities. A. An Overview of the Areas. B. Homogeneous Characteristics of the Resident Families. IV. Family Problems and Needs. A. Rearing and Education of the Children. B. Consumer Problems. C. Health Problems. D. Community Problems. V. Neighborhood Relations and the Problem of Cooperation. A. Patterns of Neighborhood Relations. B. Leisures of the Housewives and their Social Activities. C. Areas of Neighborhood Cooperation and Problems. VI. Summary and Conclusion. A. Characteristics of the Households and the Head Couples. B. Family Problems. C. Community Cooperation and Organized Activities. D. Potentials of the Organized Approach to the Development of Urban Residential Communities. The rapid urban growth in Korea has brought about in recent years a development of new housing areas in cities. Apartment complexes and residential areas for housing of the middle and low income brackets have been constricted under governmental and private plans. This has made a differentiation of housing areas according to social strata, and there have risen many middle class apartment and residential housing areas. Since the settlers of these areas are coming from different geographical and occupational backgrounds, they need to establish neighborhood relations toward development of a community to which they feel a sense of belonging and voluntary participations. Such community relations may be developed out of cooperative approaches to common problems rising in their family and neighborhood life. Therefore, the newly formed middle class housing areas should be led to organize themselves into cooperative community structure for the function of meeting needs of urban families and communities in change. For this ultimate goal, this survey aims to discover problems that are common to the families in the selected communities and also the patterns of neighborhood relations that are spontaneously developed. On the bases of these findings, programs for organizing housewives in the community were intended to be planned and their organizational activities might be guided toward the development of a cooperative community center. In order of develop this project, two middle-class communities were selected, namely a newly constructed Apartment area and also a new residential area, therefore this is rather a comprehensive community survey to diagnose problem areas and to collect basic data required for planning educational and action programs for the housewives.

한국인의 아들에 대한 態度와 家族計劃

李效再 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1973 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.21 No.-

This paper presents the prevailing phenomena of Korean's preference toward males and its relation to the family planning on the basis of data drawn from various sources of surveys carried out regarding family planning. It is for the purpose of indicating negative effects of the preferences toward males upon the general practice of family planning in Korea and to show how deeply such an attitude is rooted in institutional and religious needs of ancestor worship. Male preference is explained in view of the present family law and the customary practice of ancestor worship which are based on patrilinealism. As the law imposes the succession of the family headship upon the first son, not allowing an adopted son from families other than sons of the same clan. Furthermore, the first son must succeed the duties of the ancestor worship(jesa). Thus, each family is under the institutional demand for a son. Besides such institutional factors, some survey results reveal that the economic dependence of parents in their old age plays a significant explanatory factor particularly among the poorer families. Although the observance of the family jesa is commonly practiced among the urbanties as well as the rural families, the religious minority, namely Christians, deviate substantially from the tradition, and this finding leads us to expect that the tendency of the male preference among the Christians should be lower than the majority Koreans. This hypothesis has been supported by an analysis of the data provided by the Korean Institute of Behavioral Sciences from its nation wide sample survey on the family planning done in 1970. The fact that the Christians are not as strong in their want for son as Koreans in general does suggest that the Koreans' valuing of son is related to the religious aspect of ancestor worship. Christianity being a non-traditional religion has challenged the traditional belief, providing a new set of values and beliefs regarding the family and the parent-child relations. Therefore, in order to enable the family planning program to be continuously effective in the future, intensive researches most be carried out for discovering the deeply rooted values that must be changed, on the basis of which long term educational programs should be planned for the young generation.

社會變化와 女性의 役割

李效再 대구효성가톨릭대학교 사회과학연구소 1971 女性問題硏究 Vol.1 No.-

大學出身女性의 就業構造와 就業意識에 관한 調査

李效再,李東瑗 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1971 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.18 No.-

In recent years, the number of women job holders is rapidly increasing among Korean Women and particularly there is an increasing desire for occupational activities among college graduates, whether married or not. Therefore, there is an urgent need for understanding the problems related to job opportunities, employment policies and work conditions concerning women, and also women's aspirations and attitudes toward occupation. In view of such needs, this study attempts to survey the occupations college graduates are penetrating, the discriminations faced in employment and promotion, and their attitudes toward work. In grasping the occupational structure for college graduates, this study relied on various reports offered by government and private agencies. For the attitude study, a sample of 1,528 female students was drawn from the graduating class of 1971 at an woman's university in Seoul, taking into consideration the fields of major as the proportion being purposively determined. In order to analyze the problems of sex discrimination regarding employment, promotion, salary scale and also of human relations at work, this study focuses on banking organizations as a case. Ten banks in Seoul, had been approached but seven responded and gave cooperation. The reason for selecting the bank as a case study is that working at the bank is most highly desired by female college graduates and also a large number of women are employed. The bank provides not only better physical conditions of work but also better salary than most of other private and governmental organizations. However, the bank applies the discriminating policies against women in all aspects of the employment, and it has many problems representative of women employee in general. there fore, the problems discovered among the bank workers, should provide sufficient data for examining the basic factors than have to be accounted in understanding underlying problems of women's occupational activities.

農村地域社會 發展을 위한 女性의 役割

李效再,金周淑 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1977 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.30 No.-

The continued migration of rural people to the cities since 1960s has resulted in a significant decrease o f the labor force and has made more women participate in farming production. Furthermore, the role of rural women in community development has increased since rural women as well as men are mobilized for the new Village Movement (Saemaul Movement) which was started in 1971. This survey studied the enlarged rural women's role in three aspects-economic activities, household activities and community development. From the responses of 374 samples in eight villages, the conclusions were drawn as follows: 1. Women's participation in farming production has considerably increased. 85.8% of the respondents answered that they participated in the farming, higher than their husbands (82.3%). In the village where there was cooperative rice-planting, 56.9% of the respondents participated in it while one fourth had experienced working in other's farm for wages during the year. For selling of their farm products, however, rural women do not seem play a major role, though 40-50% of the respondents participate in their husband's making decision on selling their farm products. 2. The household work for preparing the meals and clothes for the family is still women's responsibility entirely, although cooking became a little easier because of somewhat improved kitchens and the use of some electric appliances for cooking. Clothes are no longer hand made and all are purchased, but washing is still done completely by hand. Women's voice in home management became louder, and the purchase of daily necessities of food and clothes is mainly decided by women. While men are the decision markers in making a loan either from the bank or private sources and in choosing the kind of crops they will plant, child rearing, purchase of big furnishings and helping the relatives are discussed and decided by husband and wife together. 3. The social activities of rural women are limited mainly to attending the village women's meeting visiting their children's schools, and shopping in the market. The examples of women visiting the public organizations were few. About one third of the respondents are participating in Kye, composed of only women. Most of the respondents are the members of the Women's Club in the village. The organization and programs of the Women's club seemed to be initiated by government rather than by the villagers themselves voluntarily. In the villages where the New Village Movement is active, women participated in the village affairs and developmental projects such as road building, forestation and other improvements of the environment. The main activities of the Club are sunning of cooperative store, collective cooking in rice-planting season, rice-saving, and cooking education for improvement of their diet. 4. The traditional social attitudes of the respondents seem to have changed : two thirds of them stressed that women as well as men should participate in community activities and also approved of having a job outside home. On marriage, too, a relatively high percentage of women think it optional. The perception of happiness among younger women is focused more on the marital relationship than on children. This survey has shown that rural women are carrying many roles as farmers, mothers, home managers, and workers for the community. In view of the fact that woman labor will be increasingly needed in production in the present structure of rural society, it raises the problem of welfare of the rural women and their children. Institutional support for more intensive development of village cooperative systems for production, consumption and household labor is under serious demands in order to facilitate their multiple roles, and the national health programs also will have to be made more available for the mother-child health. Furthermore rural women will have to be integrated in the agricultural education and technical training programs so that they may keep pace with improving farm technique and management, not as mere helpers but as equal partners with their men.

都市家族問題 및 地域的協同에 관한 硏究

李效再,金周淑 이화여자대학교 1972 硏究叢書 Vol.1972 No.1

The rapid urban growth in Korea has brought about in recent years a development of new housing areas in cities. Apartment complexes and residential areas for housing of the middle and lowincome brackets have been constructed under governmental and private plans. This has made adifferentiation of housing areas according to social strata, and there have risen many middle class apartment and residential housing arers. Since the settlers of these areas are coming from differentgeographical and occupational backgrounds, they need to establish neighborhood relations towarddevelopment of a community to which they feel a sense of belonging and voluntary participations.Such community relations may be developed out of cooperative approaches to common problemsrising in their family and neighorhood life. Therefore, the newly formed middle class housing areasshould be led to organize themselves into cooperative community structure for the function of meetingneeds of urban families and communities in change. For this ultimate goal, this, survey aims to discover problems that are common to the families inthe selected communities and also the patterns of neighborhood relations that are spontaneously doveloped. On the bases of these findings, programs for organizing housewives in the community wereintended to be planned and their organizational activities might be gulfed toward the developmentof a cooperative community center. In order to develop this project, two middle-class communities were selected, namely a newlyconstructed Apartment area and also a new residential area, therefore this is rather a comprehensivecommunity survey to diagnose problem areas and to collect basic data required for planning educationaland action programs for the housewives.

韓國 低所得層 老人生活에 관한 社會ㆍ經濟 및 空間問題 硏究

李效再,池淳,朴敏子 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1979 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.34 No.-

The problems of the aged are emerging as a social problem in Korea. These problems are resulting from various factors : urban- industrialization, the change of family structure and occupational structure, the change of values and increased life-span owing o the advancement of medical science. Compared with Western developed countries where old-age welfare policies have been institutionalized, our social programs for the aged are in the beginning stage og development. In order to solve the problems of the aged, and to design old-age welfare policies, it is important that we have a clear understanding of the nature of these problems. This study was designed to find out the problems of the aged in urban low-income neighborhoods, and analyze the problems in connection with their life in family and community. Finally, the study attempted to examine the correlation between some variables and life satisfaction for the old people. The analysis was based n the data obtained from the questionnaire method of sample survey and case studies conducted through interviews. The sample was randomly selected, with the interviewees consisting of 149 residents in apartment areas and 151 in traditional housing areas. 100 three-generation households were selected in both areas purposely. The case study was used for grasping the situation of the community facilities for the elderly. 4 cases in Seoul and 1 in a rural area were selected purposely. Major findings are as follows: 1. The problems of the aged in the family directly result from their economic status. Difficulties stem from the fact that their major income source is their children's help and that even the children belong to the low-income group. This economic problem causes a lack of living space as well as health problems. They cannot afford to have proper medical care such as regular check ups or medical care during disease. The Economic problems limit their social activity and hinder their relations with their children, relatives, and friends. Nevertheless they are not interested in having jobs or work to do. They prefer, rather, to go on trips or just to rest at home in their old days. This way of thinking differs from that of their children, who believe it would be good for the old people to have work or jobs appropriate to their health condition and ability. This difference of attitude or values could be a source of strain in family relations. Related to those problems in the family is the steady corrosion of the traditional belief that old people's problems should be solved by their own family. To cope with this change, community acre programs are urgently needed. 2. The only public facility existing for the elderly on a community level, is an organization known the OLD PEOPLES HALL. The economic problems of low-income people also have an effect on the operation of the organization. That is, the lack of finances brings about a series of problems such as inadequate space, insufficient facilities and unsatisfactory programs. Institutionalized support from the government or private organization is greatly needed to have more old people participate voluntarily in this organization. 3. By the Chi-square (χ2) test it was found that some variables have a significant effect on the degree of life satisfaction of the aged. The variables are marital status, educational attainment, religious affiliation, job (whether he/she has a job or not), how (leisure) time is spent, social participation, and the frequency of visits from their childrens. It has been shown that sex, age, type pf living arrangement, frequency of going out and kinds of hobby have no strong relation to the degree of the elderlys life satisfaction. The suggestions on the basis of the above problems are as follows : 1. Since the traditional family-centered way of caring for aged has and continues to wane, various solutions are required to provide alternatives for their own selection, i.e., for the aged who want to be separated from their children public and private pay nursing homes equipped with good facilities could be established. 2. It is desirable to give priority in housing loans to low-income families who rake care of their parents in the same household, in order to reduce the dwelling space problem. 3. Institutionalized medical aid program and discount on public fares for the low-income aged are urgently needed. In addition, the arrangement of proper jobs for the aged who wish to work is recommended. 4. For the low-income aged who have nothing to do and no space for spending leisure time, increasing the number of old peoples' centers as well as developing program for recreation and education are required. 5. Counselling centers are needed for both the old people and their children who need advice for their family-related problems. Also to be recommended is the development of research institutions for providing systematic information and data to design old-age welfare policy for the future.

한국 화교 및 화교 이동에 관한 연구

李效再,朴銀瓊 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1981 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.37 No.-

The population of Korean Chinese in 1979 was 30,117, among which 94% were from the Shantung peninsula. Compared to the Southeast Asian Chinese, the society of Korean Chinese are a homogeneous ethnic group which uses the same language, came from the same area, and follows the ideology of anti-communism as directed by the Taiwan government. 78% of Korean Chinese are engaged in restaurant businesses, and the others are engaged in general merchandise retailing, Chinese herbal medicine, Chinese herb shops, tearooms, public bath businesses, and tailor shops. In general, job and business opportunities open to Chinese are very limited in Korea. The major organization of Chinese society is " the Chinese Central Association" to which fifth-one local associations belong. Chinese associations play a middleman role between Chinese people and the Chinese embassy in Seoul by reporting people's opinions to the embassy and sending messages from the embassy to the people. Other voluntary organizations are restaurant business associations, local and surname associations, religious and educational associations, and so on which add up to twenty. Most of the voluntary organizations are usually linked to one another through interlocking relations. Thus, leaders in a Chinese community play multiple roles in different associations. Most Chinese children attend Chinese schools which consist of one year of kindergarten, six tears of primary school, and six years of high school. As of 1980, there are nationwide one kindergartens, thirty-nine primary schools, and five high schools. The years of 1882 saw the beginning of Chinese immigration to Korea which was the result of a treaty on trade between Korea and China. Although there were only 209 Chinese in 1883, The Chinese population in Korea reached the level of 82,600 people in 1942. After 1945, however, the division of the country forced two-thirds of the Chinese to live in the northern part of the peninsula. The drop of Chinese immigration after the communalization of mainland China in 1949 also contributed to the decrease of the Chinese population in South Korea along with the government's ban on any immigration into the country. Since then the Chinese population increased only by natural growth, and it reached 32,980 in 1972. In the 1970's, the Chinese population slowly decreased to reach the level of only 29,600 in 1980. The decrease of the Chinese population in the 1970's has been the result of migration of Chinese people to foreign lands. In order to find the trend of their actual mobility, the statistics of Chinese entry-exit have been reviewed. In 1967 the number of entries was 2,600 and the number of was 2,800. Since 1970 it shows a sharp increase and, in 1977, the number of Chinese entering the country was 18,300 and the number leaving the country was 20,00. In other words, the Korean Chinese changed their way of life by traveling back and forth frequently, and some of them even live in Taiwan, visiting Korea once a year only to renew residenceship. These people can be categorized as 'mobile population'. The number of reentry for residence in 1979 was 6,638 which is 22% if the Korean Chinese. If we assume that the average Chinese goes overseas and comes back twice a year, it can be estimated that 11% of Koran Chinese belong to the category of 'mobile population'. In addition, the number of visas issued by the Chinese consulate in Seoul, the number of entries and exits of overseas Chinese to Taiwan, and the number of graduates from Taiwan colleges and junior colleges were also analyzed to prove the high mobility of Korean Chinese in the 1970's. Most of the Korean Chinese who moved out of Korean go to Taiwan and to the United States of America. In this paper, only migration to Taiwan has been analyzed. Interviews were conducted during the period of January and February of 1980 with fifty one Koran Chinese who reside in Taiwan. Life in Taiwan for these emigrants was proven not to be that of a comfortable and leisurely nature. Instead, Korean Chinese have found themselves in a category of a 'minority in their fatherland, i.e. the Korean Chinese formed their own small society by getting together by themselves, having certain common stores they shop, and having little chance to make new Taiwanese friends. The reasons are that either they are too busy keeping stores or small restaurants, or they spend most of their time seeing each other. Moreover, those who do not have any jobs usually engage in a kind of 'shuttle trade', which is conducted by traveling between Korea and Taiwan. Traveling between the two countries, Chinese carry items like herbal drugs, jewels made of ivory, coral, and jade, tapestries, toys and so on from Taiwan to Korea, and blankets, bed spreads, clothes, dresses, ginseng products, and others from Korea to Taiwan. This shuttle trade has become possible by the well systematized process including institutions like drug stores, jewelry stores, and gift shops in Taiwan, and many middleman who purchase the carried items. The store managers in Taiwan take all the carried items from Korea, as well as supplying items to be carried to Korea. Most Chinese migrate to Taiwan as individuals rather than as a whole family. Many Chinese families in Korea end up having their members spread out in different countries, becoming a 'multinational family'. Among the fifty one cases studied, thirty (58%) went to Taiwan for study. Among thirty cases, only seven were attending colleges at the time of study, the rest having been settled in Taiwan after gradation or dropping out of school. The tread is likely to continue that Korean Chinese students entering Taiwan colleges will end up setting in Taiwan more or less permanently. Chinese students in Korea are encouraged by teachers and parents to apply to colleges in Taiwan rather than applying to Korean colleges. One of the major reasons is the way they were educated in primary textbooks under a Chinese curriculum, and are taught by Taiwan colleges educated teachers. The Korean governments liberal educational police for foreigners helped to create the above situation. Therefore Chinese students are well exposed to Chinese culture and society before they go to Taiwan. The strong ethnic identity achieved by pure Chinese education surely induced many Chinese students to apply to Taiwan colleges and to settle in Taiwan. Moreover, other policies of the Korean government in the areas such as naturalization and financial aid, are very restrictive toward Chinese. Curiously enough, a seemingly contradictory policy of permissive education and restrictive naturalization and commerce has maintained a strong ethnic among Chinese people. As a result Chinese began to search for an alternative to give their ethnic identity not a weakness but a pride. Since being a Chinese is a weakness in Korea, Chinese people moved out, leaving their Korean hometowns. Korean Chinese society has a basic group identity as H. Isaacs remarked in "Basic Group Identity: The Idols of the Tribe" ( in Ethnicity : Theory and Experience, edited with an introduction by N, Glazer and Daniel P, Moynihan, 1975). "The Chinese group in Korea is not used as a political or economic unit un order to get ethnic interest as Glazer, Mpynihan and Patterson indicated in the same book. Rather Chinese identity became an ideology in that society. As Aronson insisted, Chinese identity in Korea operates as a leading ideology among Chinese people in Korea. Being one of the first exploratory researches on Korean Chinese, this study has taken a general approach. Future research should deal with more specific subjects such as interethnic relationships between Koreans and Chinese, intermarriages between them, assimilation patterns, the different value systems between the first, second, and third generation Chinese and other anthropological issues. And since many Chinese moved to the United States, a follow-up study of Korean Chinese in the U.S. will be an interesting cross-cultural study.

男·女大學生의 家族計劃에 대한 態度

李效再 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1974 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.23 No.-

Since the government has taken the family planning project as a national policy in 1962, much research has proven that people tend to be comparatively positive in their knowledge of and attitude toward family planning. In spite of the positiveness, however, the desired number of children is still high, and the rate of the actual family planning practice is low. This led us to consider that the university student's knowledge of and attitude toward family planning is important as they are the future parents who will soon face the problem of having children. In this research, in addition to studying the student's knowledge of and attitude toward family planning, their socio-psychological reaction concerning traditional traits was also studied in detail. The findings in this research are as follows: 1. University students show somewhat more positive attitude toward family planning than adults, but there is still a strong negativeness toward the "two children movement." 2. Sex seems the most significant factor in explaining the variations concerning the student's knowledge of and attitude toward family planning. a. The male students have more knowledge about family planning methods than the females but aore negative toward family planning. b. The male students want more children, especially boys, than the females. c. A higher percentage of the male students than the females understand abortion as a method of family planning. 3. This difference can be explained by the fact that the male students still have strong traditional thinking. They have a strong desire for a son and also indicate strong dependency upon the son in their old age. 4. An overwhelming majority of the students indicate that education on sex and family planning is necessary through regular curriculum, special lectures, and discussions or club activities. The education on sex and family planning is especially important. Since mass media is the main channel through which the students come to have a knowledge of family planning, their knowledge can easily be a distorted one. Correct knowledge of family planning should be given to the students through planned educational programs. The college education on family planning should be undertaken in national and international perspectives: we are of the same fate, facing the population explosion, on the only one earth.