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리카아도에서 마르크스까지의 價値 및 分配理論에 있어서의 문제점
梁熺錫 慶尙大學校 1982 論文集 Vol.21 No.3
In the Cambridge System of economic analysis, the distributive variables are treated as equilibrating variables. Such an analytical system originates from David Ricardo in his 'Essay on Profits.' This paper attempts at a close inquiry into the problems in the transition of Ricardo's theories of value and distribution, and into the problems in the so-called 'Transformation' Process. Ricardo, with all his literatures, published or not, tried to prove the proposition that 'it is the profits of the farmer that regulate the profits of all other trades.' To prove this proposition he made three alternative methodogical hypotheses; namely; (1) Corn Model or 'corn rate of profits'. in which the distributive variables are logically prior to the price variables, (2) Pure Labour Theory of Value, the result of an abortive attempt to construct a value system in which the antagonistic relations of dirtributive variables are directly realised without causing any compounding effects of changes in the distributive variables upon relative prices of commodities, and (3) an Invariable Measure of Value, with which the influence of changes in the relative prices of commodities(caused by changes in the distributive variables) upon the appregative relations of distribution can wholly be removed. Marx, as a post-Ricardian political economist, also attempted to construct an analytical system, in which the distributive variables are determined within value-relations only; independently of the relative prices or the prices of production which are defined up to the changes in a dirtributive variable (i.e., the rate of profits) given by value-relations. Marx however, did not fully recognised the 'Ricardian Problem' of finding an Invariable Measure of Value, in terms of which aggregative values as aggregated income and aggregate profits are invariant to the distribution of income. Then, Marx, as Ricardo did, left one of the distributive variables, i.e., the rate of profits, to be determined simultaneously with, not prior to, the price variables.
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스라파 以後의 리카아도 ; 生産性 및 稀少性의 原理에 의한 物質剩餘의 利潤 및 地代로의 轉形
梁熺錫 慶尙大學校 1984 論文集 Vol.23 No.2
In the classical system, from Petty to Ricando, surplus produced in the physical forms by the quantity relation within production processes is distributed in value forms by the so-called uniformity principles within price relations. But the uniformity principles give rise to two crucial proplems; one concerned with the duality between surplus in the quantity relation and a uniform rate of profit in the price relation, and the other concerned with the exclusion of differential rents from prices of produced commodities. The solution suggested by Ricardo was represented in a system with only one basic, corn, produced in the production processes using the only non-produced means of production, land. There, the rate of profit was determined only by quantity relation, and the two princeples of distribution and prices, i.e., productivity of commodity labour applied to profits and prices of produced commodities, and scarcity of non-produced means of production applied to rents and prices of not-produced means of production, are integrated within corn production processes. However, as soon as corn ceased to be the only basic in the system, Ricardo's solution lost its ralidity. And thereafter one or the other of the two principles of value and distribution mentioned above has been made to regulate both rents and profits; productivity of labour in the Marxian system and scarcity of all means of production in the Marginalist system. Attempts are made in this paper at the transformation of physical surplus inot profits and rents through the two priciples of value and dustribution applied just as they were in the Ricardian sysem, within the Sraffian system assumed to include at least one basic produced by a process using non-produced means of production. As a result a general conclusion is derived that some important propositions concerning the classical theories of value and distribution can be applied to a system with two or more basics, just some minor modifications being needed. In detail; 1) The general rate of profit is determined by physical relations not within corn-producing processes only, but within all basics-producing processes as a whole. 2) Rents are processes of the uniform rate of profit within processes using non-produced means of production only in the case of extensive cultivation. With intensive cultivation introduced, parts of rents are included in the prices of commodities in proportion to the quantity used of non-produced means of production, no matter how many basics there exist in the system. 3) The orders of efficiency and rentability of lands can be defined independently of an exogenous distributive variabel only when the system has only one basic and it is produced by the processes using land. 4) Taxes on rents cannot disturb the the wage-rate of profit-prices of commodities relations no matter how many basics there exist in the system.
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