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      • KCI등재

        오쿠라(憶良)의 ‘苦’에 대해서

        金成俸(Kim Sung Bong) 일본어문학회 2017 일본어문학 Vol.76 No.-

        憶良の作品の中には仏教でいう生老病死の人間苦を語っている歌が多い。それは仏教が説く「苦」という敎說から導かれたためである。しかし、憶良は苦海から超越するものではなく、終始、現実の世界に執着し、不安動揺することから、仏教の敎理が説く悟りの境地には到達できなかったと思われる。 憶良の四苦において特徴的なのは、子供にこだわっているという点である。それはその当時人民は過酷な租税と労役などで土地と妻子を投げ捨て山に逃げる者が多かった。だから律令国家の地方長官として儒教主義倫理観である家族敬愛の愛で子供のための無限の愛を語りながら人民を敎化するためのものとみなす。 憶良は四苦に苦しみながら生に執着を持つ理由は「子」のためで、「子」の愛はあくまでも父親の現実苦の煩悩としての愛である。 It is by the result of the attraction toward the agony(苦) based on Buddhist doctrines that Okura wrote numerous songs about the pain of four phases of life: birth, old age, sickness, and death. Okura, however, was not able to reach Buddhahood for being in the wave of pain and agitated by the obsession over the real world. A distinguishing thing about Okura’s four pains(四苦) is the linkage to the children. When Okura was a provincial governor(筑前), there were many people who fled into the mountains leaving behind their lands, wives, and children not able to bear the punitive tax and labor. Therefore, as a governor of the ritsuryou state, Okura tried to edify people by reciting boundless love toward children based on Confucian ethics. Okura’s love toward children is not an implicit praise but a love(愛)as mankind’s agony(苦).

      • KCI등재

        山上憶良의 貧窮問答歌論

        金成俸(Kim Sung Bong) 일본어문학회 2016 일본어문학 Vol.72 No.-

        『万葉集』の中で、長歌と漢文を数多く残している憶良については、その作品と中国文学との関係性についても注目されてきた。中でも憶良の「貧窮問答歌」は、中国の「貧」を主題とする文学作品との関係性について指摘されてきた。その指摘の中枢をなしてきた「貧」を主題とする中国の作品には、漢の揚雄「逐貧賦」、晋の束皙「貧家賦」、宗の陶淵明「詠貧士」「飮酒」、唐の王梵志「貧窮田舍漢」などがあげられる。 本稿で山上憶良の「貧窮問答歌」と上に言及した中国文学との関係を中心に考察した結果、主題·語句·表現·内容等の類似性を否定できないが、それはその當時貧窮は古代韓·中·日共通する普遍的な現象であるから、貧窮を素材に表現するときに類似するしかない。従って、中国の特定の歌人の影響よりは、より幅広い漢籍の影響をうけたと推測した方が適切であろう。 そして、憶良の「貧窮問答歌」に描写された背景は中国及び日本よりも新羅の風景の雰囲気として感じられる。 Okura’s Hinkyū mondō(貧窮問答歌) was likely influenced by Chinese literature such as Fu on Expelling Poverty(逐貧賦) by Yang Xiong(揚雄), Fu poor family(貧家賦)by Shu Xi(束皙), and Poems on Impoverished Scholars (詠貧士) by Tao Yuanming(陶淵明), for him being an intellect who was proficient in Buddhist scripture(佛典) and Chinese classics(漢籍) when he was a member of Japanese missions to Tang China(遣唐使, Kentōshi). Still, it is considered that the setting of Okura’s Hinkyū mondō is not in Japan since its style, when compared with other poverty-themed Man’yōshū, is very far from that of Japanese. It is perceived that Okura’s Hinkyū mondō expressed what he personally experienced in Shilla on his way back to Japan from China. There is no firm evidence which can support this idea, yet the work cannot be seen as entirely Chinese literature stimulus. Because, Okura’s Hinkyū mondō is not an adaptation of Chinese literature. Furthermore, poverty was general social aspect at that time of ancient Korea, China, and Japan. For that reason, it is quite natural to have similar phrases and content when singing about the poverty.

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