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黃縷詩(Hwang Ru-shi),金仁會(토론자) 비교민속학회 2002 비교민속학 Vol.22 No.-
It has been generally accepted that there is no ceremony for the heavenly gods in the Shaman ritual or gud. This may be because there does not exist a specific ritual for the heavenly gods within the Shaman gud. However, Shamanism is a polytheism. It is the basic nature of human beings to believe that all natural phenomena are influenced by gods, where the most important god is the heaven. Hence, it would be considered strange if there was no gud that worships the heaven in Shamanism. By collecting and analyzing all the data regarding the Shaman guds throughout the country, this research verified that the guds such as Bulsagud in Seoul; Sirumal in Gyonggi-do; Chongiwhang Bonpuri in Cheju-do; Ilwolgeori in the east coast; Ilwolsungsinmaji in Whanghae-do; Ilwolnoripunyeum in Pyungan; do worship heavenly gods. A common feature of the Shaman ceremonies for heavenly gods includes the following. The ceremony for the gods in the heaven is conducted in the early stage of the gud, which implies that they are the most important divinity. The ritual is not undertaken within a house, but conducted outside, in the open space where the heaven is seen. The ceremony for the gods in the heaven is unique in the sense that it is mixed and merged with foreign religions such as Buddhism and Taoism. In the case of the Village gud, the ceremony for the heavenly gods is sometimes replaced by the Confucian ritual. Thus it seems that foreign religions occupied the most important part of the ceremony in Shamanism, the ceremony of the heavenly gods, and this reflects the acceptance of foreign religions by the ruling class and their regarding of these foreign religions as the ruling idea. The purpose of the ceremony for the gods in the heaven is abstract, different from the general guds, which interprets the heaven to be the origin of all things. Lastly, there is a commonality between the myth for the gods in the heaven in Shamanism and the myth of the nations birth, where the heaven is the nations father and the earth, its mother. In the Shaman gud, there is a myth that states that the descendants of the heaven once occupied the world. This Shaman gud myth has been slightly altered to become the national myth that states that the descendants of the heaven created the nation.
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황루시(Hwang Ru-Shi),김난주(토론자) 비교민속학회 2003 비교민속학 Vol.25 No.-
The most important factor in regulating culture is religion. Korean's lower level society culture has been formed based upon Musok. Musok has been estranged from the upper-level class since long, unable to act as a ruling ideology, and remained consistently as faith among the masses. During the Chosun era, the shaman, priest of Musok, was degraded to one the low-class people. However, it is not deniable that Musok is still a vivacious faith and constitutes the root of our culture. Musok forms the basis of our culture and yet, no systematic education to attain objective knowledge about Musok has been achieved. Instead, through a long-term contempt, most people have gained a prejudice the Musok equals superstition. It is abnormal behavior itself, abasing its own culture inferior. Cultures can be different from one another. However, one cannot say that ones culture is right nor wrong, or discuss the superiority and inferiority. Such behavior results from lack of knowledge about Musok. There is the need to approve the fact that Musok subsists in our society as a form of cultural appearance and the objective education for it. Musok tolerates various cultural appearances. Following items are required in order to understand Musok. Firstly, one could comment on Musoks religious view on polytheism The gods of Musok reflecting contents of Korean history and life have very realistic and unique characters. Unlike monotheism, Musok behavior, holding deference to its individual traits and worshiping god according to its individual characters, holds value for providing a method to symbiosis in the modern society. The lower-level priest shaman has a remarkably peculiar character. The shaman, living at the bottom of the society in seclusion, differs from other religions priests in that; it understands other peoples pain through its own. Furthermore, overflowing women priests create its unique women culture. In addition, nearly hundred Musok legends are important data representing the values of Koreans.
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양종승(Yang Jong-sung),황루시(토론자) 비교민속학회 2004 비교민속학 Vol.0 No.26
The shamans are designated as living national treasure by Korean government under the institutional law of cultural protection policy. Because the shamans' rituals, which are called KUT(shamanistic ritual), have influenced the way of Korean traditional performing arts forms in many ways. The government wants to support the transmission of their artistic forms. But shamans' religious faith is not concerned. Therefore, the shamanistic ritual performed by a shaman designated as living national treasure has been changed into shaped form, a standardization of the performance form. After the designated form of shamanistic ritual as important intangible cultural property by government, is has used as merchandising and tourism resource by government. In the traditional society, shaman was law class and denied by society. Therefore treatment of shaman in the modern society as useful as tourism resources are changed their social position for them However, the function: of shamanistic ritual of religious faith is lose.
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