새로운 경제질서로서의 다국적기업에 관한 연구

허남벽 경상대학교 경남문화연구소 1978 慶南文化硏究 Vol.1 No.1

The tendency of the world economy in today appeared the rapid expention of multi-nationalization or multi-national enterprise. This multi-national enterprise meaned the business activities through the world wide and its scale; that is to say, jointing international operatives by the market, the skill and managing method, a big business carried out directly the business activities in several other countries beyond the nationality. Multi-national enterprise was emerged from the processing the growth of big enterprises in recent year. On considering the process of the capital accumulation and concentration. and the analysis of the thearetic enterprise growth, it was the fact that only the big enterprises extention growth which was concentrated to the enterprises was created and made to be advanced. The recent big enterprise was progressed enlarged to the formal structure and characterizing and become the monopolized prices and made inroad into. the world markets under competing with foreign big enterprise. Many schlor studied for the conception on the multinational enterprise through the processing of this and also for the definition and the explaining of the international economic organization; and it was formulated with assuming general forms of big enterprises as the process of the advanced international economic society after world war 2nd. The result of analyzing the activities of multi-national enterprises in many field of was producted 5,000 billion more total add valued annually, and the rate was assumed to passese about 20 per. of world GNP. And influenced to both developing countries and advanced manufacturial mutual countries. For the multi-national enterprise there were some characteristic difference between advanced and developing countries, but both were faced the publicity of controlling and investigated the detail as below; (1) Controlling by U. N. Organization. (2) Controlling by the district agreement. (3) The proposition of the investment charter. in conclution, it was proposed controlling by both the the international guide line and every national souvereign. In conclution, we offirmed that multi-national enterprise was certainly created and progressed in the capitlism economice system, within the limit of the balanced progression of the international economy and the purpose of the mutual growth, it should be firmed the direction of the active and control and these will be led to expect the development of the new path under the newly international economic order. On the view of point of this the research will be made woith to help some references of establishing our economic policy for applying and the introduction of foreign capital.

우리나라 産業構造上으로 본 産業別 就業構成의 變動과 그 特徵

許南壁 慶尙大學校 1977 論文集 Vol.16 No.2

The economic sturcture of Korea is chracterized by deficiency of resources and overpopulatio as well as poverty accumulation of national capital. Changes of industrial structure have been high state process to now mostly by the criteria of national products, it is the real state of process that the lmportance of labor economy or employed labor force is now realized ratehr insufficiently. By analyzing problems in this paper how since 1960s employment has been composed and changed in the industrial structure of Korea, and that in the industrial distribution, and further how it has been related with chanes of the constitution of national products. According to statistics(1963∼1974) changes productive age population, ecomomically active population, employed unemployed - although there are many limitation in concepts and statistical data-show that the rate of joining in the economic activities and that of emplyment has been risinsg while unemployment rate falling. Dufing this period employment compostion in the industrial distribution disclosed that main field of industry have shifted from agricultural section to the other fields, especially to the manufactural sections. And further it is noticeable that each increasing rate of emplyment in the manufacturing has been either rising or faling respectively. And then, these changes in employment are compared with those of added value. As a result it is revealed that the changing rates in both criteria have been high, and that especially in the field of agricultural sections the changing rate of income composition (falling rate) has been higher whereas in the field of manufacturing section that of employment (rising rate) higher, and this is no normal phenomenon. In the field of mining and manufacturing changes of their camposition show an inverse ratio, and those in the chemical industry and texile also expoe a pattern different from the international usual case. Employment policy in Korea under the extreme overpoplation structure must be established our structural characteristics of labor market, in the different direction from that of the advanced countried under the relative overpopulation sructure. If our employment policy occupys as absolutely important part in our economic growth our orientation toward the future should start form a critical perception of the past.

經營管理 理論의 發展過程에 關한 硏究

許南壁 진주농과대학 1970 진주농과대학 연구논문집 Vol.- No.9

In the economical activities in Korea today, the reasonable practical use of the theory of management is very needed. But the activity of the theories about industrial management developed by scholars in the western countries has, from the practical point of view, given rise to a state of confusion in our country. The theory of management in America above all, I think, has been advanced tradionally on the basis of the basis of the "Scientific method of management". To realize what kind of background of economical history such theories are based on, to find out a new way of getting rid of such difficulties, to adapt these practical theories logically to our daily life and to our future life as well by studing how such theories have been originated, developed and advanced, and to establish universal generalization for whole management theory, this paper was made. I have analized and criticized the theories of management written by many scholars, in accordance with the period and change of the industrial organization and structure. This study has chiefly included theoretical and technical research of management. It has been developed in the course of being supplemented and criticized by the knowledge attained from the fields of economics, sociology, engineering, psychology mathematics and so on. Since the essential ideal of management is to find out the way of solving the problems with our country is economically confronted, it should be wrought out with the integrated system of the theory in itself. When the unified study of its functional aspect and personal relations and economical field is done, we can get the logically unified theory. The unified theory is just the theory of efficient production, and it can only be achieved by the reasonable accomplishment of the industrial purpose itself.

우리나라 産業構造上으로 본 中小企業의 位置

許南璧 진주농과대학 1969 진주농과대학 연구논문집 Vol.- No.8

企業의 成長過程에서 본 中小企業 殘存理論에 關한 硏究

許南璧 慶尙大學校 1972 論文集 Vol.11 No.-

Not only in the economy of advanced countries in which capitalism grewed highly. hut also in the reality of Korean economy which is in the developing stage, medium and small scale industries were raised their heads as new problems. We viewing from the principle of free capitalistic competition and the general on the process of capital accumulation in the general view of modern economics, concentration and accumulation of capital tend to accelerate the growth toward large scale business enterprises. On the other hand, medium and small scale industries will be suppressed, withered and become extiot in the end. Nevertheless, medium and small scale industries not only continue to exist, but also increase in types of new industries. Coucerning such a tendency under a capitalist economy. From these facts, are presented the necessity and the subject to establish fundamental theory on existence or survival of medium and small scale industries. To present an overall picture, the writer epitomized in this thesis two opposing theories: those concerning "extinction of medium and small scale industries" advocated by G. Schmoller, and mose on survival of me야um and small scale industries, smaintained chiefly by F. Perunstein, K. Kautsky and A. D. H. Kaplan, etc. In this thesis through a theoretical analysis, the writer attempted to study comparatively exinction theory and survival theory of me야um and small scale industries, chiefly consulting Steindi's gap theory- a theory that there exisist a certain "gap" between large scale industries and medium and small scale industries-- which was developed especially on the base of imperfect competition theory. In the viewpoint of national economy, this was written for the purpose of contribution to the realiing polish for right direction of growth of medium and small scale industries as a theory for rationalization of medium and small scale industries.

우리나라 産業構造政策의 課題와 方向에 關한 考察

許南壁 慶尙大學校 1976 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

The economic growth and development in a country would be advanced when requiring as a preceding condition of the developign pattern in the industrial structrue generlly. Korean case has been also provided the satisfying economic growth through the high state process of the industrial structure. Specially from the standpoint of the industrial field, Koreanin the ages of '60 had been faced the industiral Spurt period of Gerschenkronand from the ages of '70 since the Hoffmanns third industrial step, it has appered in the balanced development of the production and consumption finance industry. However, this would be not made by teh naturalized harmony followed with only the principle of free competitiv market structrue, but was effected on the case of the under-develped country which depended onthe result and the policy of the industrial structrue for the prodding attainment purpose in national economy. After Ⅱ world war, every cuntry has aimed the high state of the economic growth and administered the policy of the industrial sructure under the following bases;(1) productivivy, 1(2) income flexibility, (3) international payments. The basis fro the policy esta blishment have also showed a tendency to be plural such as the stabilized growth with the balance while the simply quantitative growth, promoting pubic welfare, preventing the atmosphere harm, quantitative and saving the resources etc.. By analyzing problems of the industrial structrue in our country and the world economic status, it will be required thenecessity of the asic directionin the policy of the industrial structure newly or the production of the heavy chemical industry and realizing 80 ages high state inustrial society. That is to say, we should drive the heavy chemica industry centered in the middle-class productive, finance and as for this, should realize to improve its technique, save the resources prevent the atmoshere harm, and also specially shouls make a plan of the policy for the fundamental industrial structure which will be pursuing the improvement of the resources industry and the constitutional strengthen of the exporting industry equally.

발전도상국간 다국적기업에 관한 고찰

허남벽 경상대학교 경남문화연구소 1981 慶南文化硏究 Vol.4 No.1

The production activity by the overseas investment of the world multinational enterprise will be beyond two over three of the world's fatal production in the 88 years, and view that it will increase continually. But the activity of those multinational enterprise was developed in various ways and caused the increasing frictions with the nation sovereignty since the 70 years, and therefore the activity of the third world is now confronted with the other big conversion situation. On this, the main subject would like to consider as follow: 1. The research on analyzing the multinational enterprise states of the developed industry countrys country which will be oriented by the developing countries. 2. Besides, the research on the trends and the meaning for the formation of the new international economic order by the various ways (the alliance of production countries and financial cooperations etc.) of the multinational enterprise among the developing countries. And this subject intends to contribute the some references for the way of overseas enterprise expanding strategy and the formation of these economic policies.

국제기업의 경영조직형태에 관한 연구

허남벽,이종호 경상대학교 경남문화연구소 1980 慶南文化硏究 Vol.3 No.1

The internationalization of business activities by going abroad of business, means that the business organization should be expanded in the new dimension. It is hard to find out in the aspect of principles of management organization formation between the domestic management activities and the international management activities. But these two is different from the many variables, such as the environment of business activities, laws commercial customs, market conditions, and national sentiments, and, in international management activities, the alternative spectrum is more extended. In this paper, writers studied the characteristics of international management organization through analyzing the theories of J. Fareweather, R. D. Robinson, and R. N. Farmer, and furthermore studied the relationship between the strategic change and the organizational reform in international enterprise, and expressed these in matrix. By investigating comparatively the theories of A. D. Chandler, G. H. Clee, and I. M. Stopford for the framework of international management organization, it could be pointed out that these theories leave something to be desired in the total systematization from the development proeess of multinational enterprise. And this paper was comparatively analyzed the traditional types and characteristics (advantages and (disadvantages) of going abroad companies of the American big companies. It seems that the criterion of deciding the organization form of the head company should be determined by the diveroified faetor analysis such as experiences, types of business, history, policies of foreign business activities. The problems of each organization form and functional divisionalization was. eomparatively analyzed in the examples of organization formation by region, product, and function. Through these analyses and surveys, it was cleared up that the equilibrium and coordination of conflict between centralized organization and detencralized organization is essential in international management organization. If finally, the purpose of international management organization is for the profit motive, it, first of all, is necessary to establish the centralized organization and it is desirable for the reaction in the field to feed back in decision making of the head company. Of course, the premise of contralization is the optimal decentralization.

마아케팅의 사회적 지향성과 책임

허남벽,이종호 경상대학교 경남문화연구소 1979 慶南文化硏究 Vol.2 No.1

Until about the 1960s, marketing concept and practice hid been developed by customer or consumer orientation. In the 1970s, marketing concept have led to the conceptually broadened correction. This reason seems that marketing concept in the 1960s failed to achieve its accomplishments, or wants of marketing to society in the 1970s and 1980s have been beyond the level of the past, or both of the two may be the reason. Social and economic conditions in the 1960s have led to the social responsibility and human orientation stage in the evolution of marketing concept. Marketing must strive for a balance over the long-run among satisfying the wants of customers, satisfying the societal wants which are affected by the firms activities and meeting the company's profit goals. Consumerism, started in the 1960s, was inevitable, partly because of the success of the economic machinery. Consumerism will be enduring, beneficial, ultimately profitable. Consumerism lave helped marketing concept to be broadened. So, the new directions for marketing are toward the goal of reestablishing consumer faith in marketers, and solving the social problems related to marketing. Marketing should have become socially oriented and social marketing have become to emerge. If firm is not recognized this social orientation, it never fails to plunge into the social myopia. The result is very dangerous to the coexistence between the firm and the society. Social marketing have been emerged by the close-up of the social problems in the 1970s, that is, the environmental pollution, scarcities of some resources, Consumerism, and quality of life. Social marketing emphasizes that the Social mission of marketing must be recognized and reestablished, and that also marketing concept may. be applicable to the achievement of social goals. But social marketing is not a replacement, but a broadening and a logical extention of managerial marketing. Marketing have had the profound and direct implications of current social changes. It can be suggested that there are four social changes which have fegun to take substantive and enduring hold in our society and which have reasonably direct implications for marketing: (1) changes in the relationship. between institutions and the individual, (2) some new patterns of achievement, (3) changes in the interpersonal world of the individual, and finally (4) changes in the level of effective functioning of the young adults. It is almost obious that some efforts to the use of marketing in not-for-profit enterprises seen more promising than others. Marketing techniques for the campaign of politician and family planning can be used effectively. Libraries, museums, hospitals, even almost all the institutions in our society may see in marketing a way to solve some of their pressing problems and to achieve their aims. And also, even in a state of widespread product shortages, marketing opportunities are not shrinked, but rather can be increased. In this societal orientation of marketing, marketing become to have its importantly social responsibilities. The reasons for concern about soda responsibilities of marketing may be looked at by four points which have a more pragmatic flavor: (1) to reverse declining public confidence in business; (2) price of economic freedom and flexibility; (3) the power-responsibility equation; (4) the close-up of marketing department. There are three responsibilities of marketing which contribute to its social value in this high level of social sense: first, to offer a Social product; second, to make it available at a social price and third. to make a social profit in the process. And marketing can perform the responsibility to reduction of some of environmental pollution. Business behavior in this social responsibility is to introduce the socio-business concept to management decision-making, to reform the organizational structure, so that representatives of all the interest groups affected by business activities, can participate in management planning, and to establish the social audit system, so that the degree of social contributions to marketing activities may be audited by outsiders. Finally, business environment will be more changed in the future: consumerism will be even stronger than in the 1970s; the importance of environmental problems will be more widely recognized; scarcities of some resources will increase; Technological developments will not be sufficient to solve the pressing pressing problems between busiraess and society; Government regulation will increase. And so, marketing must strive to develop an integrated marketing program that generates long-run profit by satisfying wants of all the consumers and all the social parts affected by the firm's activities. To the consumers, it is necessary to establish the consumer's educational system that consumers may spend money intellectnally.

加耶聯盟國形成에 關한 經濟史的 考察 : 特히 洛東江系 下流 流域의 物産을 中心으로

許南壁,文暻鉉,徐永培 慶尙大學校 1977 論文集 Vol.16 No.2

We aim in this paper at discussing the economic foundations which formed driving forces for bulding up of the triabl cutires "Byon-han", alias "Kaya" alliance. With the term "Kaya" alliance we refer to the ancient allied countried of Dae-Kaya(whose capital was Koryong), Songsan-Kaya(Songju), Bihwa-Kaya(Changnyong), so-Kaya(Kosong), Kumkwan-Kaya(Kimhae), Koryong-Kaya(Song-chang), and Alla-Kaya (Haman). For a historical study on the formation of these powerful tribal countries, we would like to point out two major factors" production of iron in the mountainous districts, and that of rice in the alluvial plains along Nakdong River. For the first factor we would say that in ancient times iron was so important material for farming tools, defensive weapons and horsehoes that aboundant iron production had a direct effect on the national power of these agricultural countries. Secondly, rice also, as main provisions, was a principal barometer of their national power, because abundant grain production could increse their population and be used as their military provisions. Moreover, marine resources in the South Sea such as salt, seaweeds and fishes added something more to what was already abunant. These two major factors as driving forces played the most important part in the formation of "Kaya" countries, for their locatioinal condition was favorable enough to possess both elements. They were located in the fertile alluvial plains alog Nakdong River, the Nile of Korea, and their territories formed prominent granaries of Korea. Hence the abundant wealth of agricultural products formed groundwork for the formation of "Kaya" allianace.