국내 벼키다리병균의 Prochloraz 약제에 대한 저항성 변화

최효원,이용환,홍성기,이영기,남영주,이재금,한송희,Choi, Hyo-Won,Lee, Yong Hwan,Hong, Sung Kee,Lee, Young Kee,Nam, Young Ju,Lee, Jae Guem,Han, Song Hee 한국균학회 2015 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.43 No.2

국내에 분포하는 벼키다리병균의 prochloraz에 대한 저항성 정도를 조사하기 위하여 연도별로 균주를 수집하고, 병원성을 검정하였으며, 한천희석법을 사용하여 각 균주의 prochloraz에 대한 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 값과 effective concentration of 50% ($EC_{50}$) 값을 조사하였다. 그 결과 2006년부터 2007년 분리균의 MIC 값은 $3.125{\sim}6.25{\mu}g/mL$인 균주가 가장 높은 빈도로 분포하였고, 2013년부터 2014년 분리균의 MIC 값은 $6.25{\sim}12.5{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서 분포 비율이 가장 높았다. 또한 2006년부터 2007년 분리 균주의 평균 $EC_{50}$값은 $0.3142{\mu}g/mL$이었으며, 2013년부터 2014년 분리 균주는 $0.8124{\mu}g/mL$이었다. 2006년부터 2007년 분리 균주의 prochloraz에 대한 저항성 기준 $EC_{50}$값은 $0.6{\mu}g/mL$로 하는 것이 타당한 것으로 생각된다. 이 기준에 의한 저항성 균주의 비율은 2006년부터 2007년 분리 균주는 약 6.5%였고, 2013년부터 2014년 분리 균주에서는 41.6%로 저항성 균주의 빈도가 크게 증가한 것으로 나타났다. To investigate the changes of the resistance to prochloraz of Fusarium species causing bakanae disease, Fusarium isolates were collected from various regions in Korea, and pathogenicity tests were performed using rice seeds. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and effective concentration of 50% ($EC_{50}$) values of isolates were determined using the agar dilution method. High frequency distribution of MIC values of prochloraz against isolates collected in 2006~2007 and 2013~2014 years were $3.125{\sim}6.25{\mu}g/mL$ and $6.25{\sim}12.5{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The mean $EC_{50}$ value of isolates increased from $0.3142{\mu}g/mL$ in 2006~2007 to $0.8124{\mu}g/mL$ in 2013~2014. Based on the $EC_{50}$ value of isolates collected in 2006~2007, the resistant baseline of prochloraz was determined as $0.6{\mu}g/mL$. Compared with the ratio of resistant isolates in 2006~2007, the ratio of resistant isolates in 2013~2014 increased from 6.5% to 41.6%.

꽃도라지 뿌리썩음병을 일으키는 Fusarium solani 의 특성

최효원,홍성기,이영기,김점순,이재금,김효원,강은혜,이은형,Choi, Hyo-Won,Hong, Sung Kee,Lee, Young Kee,Kim, Jeomsoon,Lee, Jae Guem,Kim, Hyo Won,Kang, Eun Hye,Lee, Eun Hyeong 한국균학회 2017 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.45 No.1

꽃도라지(Eustoma grandiflorum)는 국내에서 장식용 화훼류로 널리 이용되는 절화류이다. 2015년 경기도 여주와 경남 김해 지역에서 꽃도라지가 시들고, 지제부가 잘록해지면서 위축되고, 뿌리가 썩는 증상이 나타났다. 병든 식물체는 포장이나 육묘상자에서 황화되고, 뿌리 발육이 저해되었고, 진전되면 전체적으로 황화되면서 시들고, 위축되며, 결국 2~3개월 안에 완전히 말라 죽는다. 병든 식물체 지제부에서 Fusarium균이 분리되었고, 9개 균주를 단포자 분리하여 형태적 특성을 조사한 결과, Fusarium solani로 동정되었다. 대형포자는 통통하고, 직선형이거나 약간 굽은 초승달 모양이고, 소형분생포자는 긴mono형태의 분생포자원세포에서 false head상으로 형성되었다. 후벽포자는 균사 중간 혹은 끝부분에 풍부하게 형성되었다. 이와 같은 동정 결과는 translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF)와 RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2) 유전자의 염기서열 분석으로 재확인되었다. 그 결과, 분리 균주는 NCBI GenBank에 등록된 F. solani와 TEF 유전자는 99.2~99.9%, RPB2 유전자는 98.0~98.1%의 상동성을 나타내었다. 건전한 꽃도라지 유묘의 뿌리를 포자현탁액에 침지 접종하여 병원성 검정을 수행한 결과, 접종 7일 이내에 접종한 식물체에서만 병징이 관찰되었다. 따라서 이 병을 F. solani에 의한 꽃도라지 뿌리썩음병으로 명명하며, 병의 발생을 국내에서 처음으로 보고한다. Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) is a flowering ornamental plant used widely in Korea. In 2015, wilting, damping-off, stunting, and root rot symptoms were observed in lisianthus plants of Yeoju and Gimhae, Korea. Affected seedlings appeared yellow and showed poor development of root systems in the field and in nursery boxes. Furthermore, affected plants were yellow, stunted, and died at approximately 2-3 months after transplanting. Fusarium species were consistently isolated from the basal stems of diseased plants. Nine isolates were identified as Fusarium solani based on morphological characteristics. Macroconidia of isolates were relatively wide, straight-to-slightly curved, and microconidia formed in false heads on long monophialides. Abundant chlamydospores were produced at the middle or tips of hyphae. To confirm this identification, a molecular analysis of the translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF) and RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2) genes was conducted. The sequences of TEF and RPB2 showed 99.2-99.9% and 98.0-98.1% similarity, respectively, to those of reference F. solani strains in NCBI GenBank. Pathogenicity was tested using root dipping inoculation of healthy lisianthus seedlings. Symptoms were observed within 7 days of inoculation only in inoculated plants. This is the first report of F. solani causing Fusarium root rot on lisianthus in Korea.

수수 이삭곰팡이 증상에서 불리한 Fusarium속 균의 다양성 및 병원성

최효원 ( Hyo Won Choi ),홍성기 ( Sung Kee Hong ),이영기 ( Young Kee Lee ),김완규 ( Wan Gyu Kim ) 한국균학회 2013 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.41 No.3

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) was traditionally grown on a small scale, however, at present its cultivation is getting momentum in terms of food and animal feed crop throughtout the Korea. Grain mold symptoms of the plant were frequently observed during disease surveys in Korea from 2007 to 2009. The symptoms were highly variable. Severely infected grain was fully covered with mold and partially infected grain may look normal or discolored. Ninety isolates of Fusarium species were obtained from the diseased plants collected from several locations in the country. Among the collected Fusarium isolates, 41 were identified as Fusarium thapsinum, 23 as F. proliferatum, 12 as F. graminearum, 5 as F. incarnatum, and 3 as F. equiseti based on their morphological and cultural characteristics. Elongation factor 1 alpha gene sequences of the isolates were used for phylogenetic analysis. Analyses of the sequences revealed that the isolates were confirmed to be identical with related species of NCBI GenBank. Pathogenicity tests showed that three dominant species, F. thapsinum, F. proliferatum and F. graminearum were strongly virulent to grains of sorghum. This study is the first report of sorghum grain mold caused by Fusarium species in Korea.

단보 : Fusarium commune에 의한 고구마 표피썩음병의 발생

최효원 ( Hyo Won Choi ),홍성기 ( Sung Kee Hong ),이영기 ( Young Kee Lee ),남영주 ( Young Ju Nam ),이재금 ( Jae Geum Lee ),안치중 ( Chi Jung An ) 한국균학회 2014 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.42 No.1

In June 2013, surface rot symptoms were observed on sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) in Yeoju city, Korea. The lesions were circular, light to dark brown, firm, dry, and superficial. The diseased area became sunken in older tissues, and the symptoms usually did not extend deeply into the flesh. Seven isolates of Fusarium species were isolated from diseased sweet potatoes. All isolates were identified as Fusarium oxysporum based on morphological characteristics on CLA medium. To confirm the identification, molecular analysis of elongation factor 1 alpha gene was conducted. Among the isolates, however, four isolates were F. commune, and three isolates were F. oxysporum based on the DNA sequence data. Pathogenicity was tested using agar block inoculation on wounded or unwounded sweet potato pieces. Lesions were observed on wounded sweet potato pieces after7 days inoculation in only F. commune isolates. This is the first report that F. commune causes Fusarium surface rot of sweet potato in Korea.

무 탄저병을 일으키는 Colletotrichum속의 종 동정 및 병원성

최효원 ( Hyo-won Choi ),김점순 ( Jeomsoon Kim ),홍성기 ( Sung Kee Hong ),이영기 ( Young Kee Lee ) 한국균학회 2019 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.47 No.4

In August 2017, anthracnose symptoms were observed on the petioles and leaf veins of Korean radish (Rhaphanus sativus ) in Hongcheon, Jeongseon, and Pyeongchang of the Gangwon province, Korea. Many grayish to dark-brown spots of 1-2 mm in diameter, appeared on the lower surface and leaf veins of the radish leaves. The spots gradually enlarged and coalesced to form dark-brown irregular lesions. Ten Colletotrichum isolates were obtained from the affected tissues of the Korean radish. Out of them, eight isolates were identified as C. higginsianum and two isolates were identified as C. truncatum based on morphological characteristics and multi-locus molecular phylogenetic analysis using the internal transcribed spacers and intervening 5.8S rDNA (ITS), partial beta-tubulin gene (TUB2), partial actin gene (ACT), and partial chitin synthase-1 gene (CHS1). The pathogenicity test was carried out on wounded and unwounded Korean radish (cv. Siraegimu and Osarimu), and Chinese cabbage (cv. Chuno and Smart) by inoculating with a spore suspension. All isolates except one C. truncatum isolate developed typical symptoms on both wounded and unwounded Korean radish. In Chinese cabbage, only the plants inoculated with C. higginsianum isolates developed symptoms regardless of the wound. This is the first report of anthracnose caused by C. truncatum on Korean radish in Korea.

직장 내 LGBT 차별을 금지한 미국 연방대법원 판결(BOSTOCK v. CLA YTON COUNTY, GEORGIA)을 중심으로 살펴본 ‘법의 해석’

최효원(Hyo-Won Choi) 이화여자대학교 젠더법학연구소 2020 이화젠더법학 Vol.12 No.3

이 논문은 2020. 6. 15. 선고된 미국 연방대법원 판례(BOSTOCK v. CLAYTON COUNTY, GEORGIA)가 LGBT 권리 논의에 있어 갖는 함의를 재고해보고자 하는 시도에서 출발하였다. 대상 판결의 요지는 성적 성향(sexual orientation)이나 성 정체성(gender identity)에 따라 직원을 차별한 고용주는 1964년 미국 민권법(the Civil Rights Act of 1964) 제7조(이하 ‘민권법 제7조라 한다’)를 위반한다는 것이다. 이 법 제7조에서는 국적, 성별, 인종, 종교 등에 따른 직장 내 차별을 금지하고 있는데, 연방대법원은 이 조항이 성(sex)차별 뿐 아니라 성적 성향과 성 정체성에 따른 차별 금지를 포함하는 것으로 해석해야 한다고 판시하였다. 이 판결에서 민권법 제7조 해석을 두고 다수의견과 반대의견의 견해가 대립하였다. 다수의견은 법해석과 관련한 문언주의에 입각하여 원고의 권리를 인정한 반면, 반대의견은 이 법이 제정될 당시 입법자는 성차별이 성 정체성에서 비롯된 차별을 의미한다고 보지 않았을 것이라고 하면서, 다수의견의 법해석은 입법과 다르지 않다고 비판하였다. 비평가들도 법해석(the statutory interpretation) 방법론의 입장에서 판결을 바라보고 있고, 표면적으로 이 판결은 법해석과 관련한 ‘문언주의’와 ‘입법자 의도설’의 대립인 것으로 보인다. 그러나 이 논문에서는 대상 사건을 첨예하고 다양한 정치적인 견해가 대립하고 있는 사안으로 보고, 드워킨의 ‘구성적 해석’의 관점에서 판결의 의미를 찾아보고자 시도하였다. 드워킨의 구성적 해석에 따르면, 전통적인 법해석 원칙에 매몰되지 않고 법관이 그 해석 대상과 상호작용하면서 ‘현재의 문제’를 해결할 수 있다. 그렇다고 이 논문이 드워킨적 논증 방식을 따른 것은 아니라는 점을 밝혀 둔다. 다만, ‘원리 논거에 근거해 권리를 밝혀낸다’는 드워킨의 기본적인 주장을 빌려서, 자칫 ‘법관의 독립성’ 또는 ‘문언주의’에 매몰되어 버릴 수 있는 판결의 의미를 보다 넓은 담론의 장으로 끄집어 내고자 하였다. The aim of the paper is to review the implication of the Supreme Court case(BOSTOCK v. CLAYTON COUNTY, GEORGIA(2020) in discussion LGBT rights. The main point of the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling was that employers discriminating against employees based on sexual orientation or gender identity violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (hereinafter referred to as “Title VII”). The Title VII prohibits discrimination in the workplace based on nationality, gender, race and religion, which the Supreme Court ruled should include and interpret not only a ban on discrimination based on sex, but also a ban on discrimination based on gender identity and sexual orientation. As indicated in the case’s ruling, there was a difference opinion between the majority and the dissenting of the Supreme Court over the interpretation of the same legal clause. The majority opinion ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, however, there was no full-scale argument for the rights of homosexuals, lesbians and transgenders. Rather, they are fiercely arguing over how the text should be interpreted, unanimously agreeing that the text of the law is the triumph(textualism). The dissenting opinion developed the view that ‘the legislative intention’ at the time of the enactment of the law should be determined(intentionalism). In this paper, The Supreme Court’s on the case is set as what Dworkin called a “hard cases”. Dworkin’s ‘constructive interpretation’can be a successful answer in that it leads to a richer discourse on LGBTQ’s legal rights.

클로탈라리아 시들음병을 일으키는 Fusarium udum의 특성

최효원 ( Hyo-won Choi ),홍성준 ( Sung Jun Hong ),홍성기 ( Sung Kee Hong ),이영기 ( Young Kee Lee ),김점순 ( Jeomsoon Kim ) 한국균학회 2018 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.46 No.1

Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) is used as a nitrogen-fixing green manure in Korea to improve soil quality, reduce soil erosion, and suppress weeds and nematodes. In 2014, wilting sunn hemp plants were observed in green manure-cultivated fields in Wanju, Korea. Leaves of the infected plants began yellowing, starting with the lower leaves, eventually leading to their death. Moreover, a number of dark perithecia were observed on the wilting stems. Six isolates were obtained from these perithecia by single spore isolation. Based on their morphological characteristics, the isolates were identified as Fusarium udum (teleomorph: Gibberella indica). Macroconidia were slightly curved with almost hooked apical cell, and microconidia were formed on false heads by monophialides. Chlamydospores were produced abundantly in the hyphae, either singly or in clusters. To confirm the identification, multilocus sequence analysis was conducted using translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF), calmodulin (CAL), and histone 3 (HIS3). The sequences of TEF, CAL, and HIS3 showed 94.4~96.2%, 99.7%, and 99.6~99.8% similarity to the reference sequences of F. udum in NCBI GenBank, respectively. Pathogenicity was tested on sunn hemp and two soybean cultivars using the inoculation method of soil drenching with spore suspension. The wilting symptoms were observed only in sunn hemp and one cultivar of soybean (cv. Teagwang) after 14~21 days of inoculation. This is the first report of wilt disease in sunn hemp caused by Fusarium udum in Korea.

국내 벼 키다리병균의 Benomyl 약제에 대한 감수성 기준 및 저항성 변화

최효원 ( Hyo Won Choi ),이용환 ( Yong Hwan Lee ),홍성기 ( Sung Kee Hong ),이영기 ( Young Kee Lee ),이재금 ( Jae Guem Lee ),김효원 ( Hyo Won Kim ) 한국균학회 2015 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.43 No.4

To examine the changes in resistance to benomyl of Fusarium species causing bakanae disease, Fusarium isolates were collected in Korea, and pathogenicity tests were performed using rice seeds in vitro. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and effective concentration of 50% (EC50) values of isolates were examined using the agar dilution method. High frequency distribution of MIC values to benomyl against isolates collected in 2006~2007 and 2013~2014 years were 1.5625~3.125 μg/ mL and more than 25 μg/mL, respectively. The mean EC50 value of isolates to benomyl increased from 1.6397 μg/mL in 2006~2007 to 2.4892 μg/mL in 2013~2014. Based on MIC and EC50 values of isolates, the moderate resistance of benomyl were determined as more than 25 μg/mL of MIC and less 2.4 μg/mL of EC50 value, and resistant isolates to benomyl were determined as more than 2.4 μg/mL of EC50 value. Compared with the ratio of resistant isolates in 2006~2007, the ratio of resistance isolates in 2013~2014 increased from 12.5% to 36.4%. In addition, multiple resistant isolates to prochloraz as well as benomyl increased to 20.3% in 2013~2014.

콩 시들음병에 관여하는 Fusarium 균의 다양성 및 병원학적 특성

최효원 ( Hyo-won Choi ),김승노 ( Seungnoh Kim ),홍성기 ( Sung Kee Hong ) 한국균학회 2020 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.48 No.3

Wilted soybean plants were collected from soybeans cultivation fields in Korea from 2014 to 2016. Fusarium spp., Colletotrichum spp., Rhizoctonia spp., Macrophomina sp., Phytophthora spp., and Calonectria ilicicola were obtained from the infected samples. Out of these, Fusarium spp. were the dominant species (79.1%). In total, 53 isolates were identified as F. solani species complex, F. oxysporum species complex, F. graminearum species complex, and F. fujikuroi species complex based on mycological characteristics. Sequence typing analysis was conducted using translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF) to confirm the identification of isolates. All isolates were identified as F. solani, F. oxysporum, F. commune, F. asiaticum, and F. fujikuroi based on phylogenetic analysis of TEF sequences. Pathogenicity of 44 isolates was tested on three cultivars of soybean using the root dip inoculation method. Out of 5 Fusarium species, only F. asiaticum could not cause the symptoms or be weak. Ten isolates were selected based on pathogenic characters and species identification to investigate the host range and screen soybean cultivars for resistance. Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, and F. commune were aggressive only to soybean, and F. fujikuroi was aggressive to kidney bean, yellow cowpea, black cowpea, adzuki bean as well as soybean. All 13 Korean soybean cultivars were susceptible to F. commune and F. fujikuroi. Out of 13 cultivars, cv. Janggi, cv. Poongsannamul, and cv. Socheongja were resistant to Fusarium wilt, while cv. Hwanggeumol and Chamol were susceptible to Fusarium wilt.

보문 : 옥수수 아삭썩음병에 관여하는 Fusarium속균의 동정

최효원 ( Hyo Won Choi ),김정미 ( Jung Mi Kim ),김진희 ( Jin Hee Kim ),홍성기 ( Sung Kee Hong ),김완규 ( Wan Gyu Kim ),천세철 ( Se Chul Chun ) 韓國菌學會 2009 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.37 No.2