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어둠의 질서의 거부 : 멜빌의 『마르디: 그 곳으로의 여행』
조재진(Jo Jae-Jin) 새한영어영문학회 2006 새한영어영문학 Vol.48 No.3
Mardi: And a Voyage Thither is Herman Melville's third novel. After publishing this novel, he completed two more novels in six months. Melville scorned these two novels for their superficiality because neither was "the kind of book I wish to write." Mardi, on the other hand, illustrates the kind of book he wanted to write. However, Mardi is said to be "the least read" and a "failure." But it is also agreed on by most critics that the work is very important among Melville's works. Edga A. Dryden says Mardi in many ways forms the axis of Melville's vision. It introduces and partially explores problems which are central in the later fiction, especially Moby Dick and Pierre. The main subject of Mardi is Taji's searching for Yillah throughout the Mardi Islands. It is said that Yillah symbolizes the Absolute, truth in an absolute sense, a transcendental ideal, absolute perfection, good alloyed with evil, etc. But Yillah cannot be explained by ideal and absolute truth alone because the sensual is too distinct in her. The reason Taji fails to find Yillah is that he seeks a Yillah with no sensual aspects. The true identity of Yillah is well-defined in her relationship with Hautia, the sensual seducer. Yillah is a part of Hautia and they prove to be identical symbolically. Melville had been married two years when Mardi was published in 1849. Some critic says Mardi is the dramatization of Melville's early married life. Elinor Yaggy says the sweep of Melville's mind was too large to be content with smaller issues. His major concern is only on broad universal values. Thus with the experience of his early married life and his aversion to sex, Melville struggles with the problem of the ideal union of sensuality and religious love, which is symbolized by Yillah. Taji's murder of the priest, which is one of the most crucial events of the novel, Melville maintains that God does not exist in the universe. In his repeated denial of God, however, there's always a strong hint of God. That's why Nathaniel Hawthorne said Melville was one of the most truly religious and reverential of men. As the philosopher in Mardi says, the question itself is more final than any answer.
조재진(Jo, Jae Jin) 새한영어영문학회 2012 새한영어영문학 Vol.54 No.1
Typee is the first novel of Herman Melville which is written soon after his four-year service as a sailor with no known apprentice work. This study started with a question of whether Melville’s view in this novel is the same as those in his later novels. The question was triggered by two critics. Kingsley Widmer says Melville’s work after Moby Dick might reasonably be viewed as of a piece. He excludes the first five novels including Typee from what he says “a piece.” On the other hand Rosalie Feltenstein says with Melville in his mind that “great author is of one substance and often of one theme.” This study tries to prove Typee is the first main novel that has the same view as in Melville’s later novels. Typee seems to live in harmony. They have no struggle, no sorrow, no pain and even no court. So not a few critics say Typee is for “the defense of the Noble Savage and a eulogy of his happy life.” But an optimistic view on man is not the view of Melville’s because he “hates” the condition of human being. Typee is found to have a long “hereditary” history of war with other tribes. They are all war professionals. That Typee has a fatal defect is just like Melville entitles a serious defects to such perfect man as Billy in “Billy Budd.” Berryman says the main evil in Melville’s novels is caused by an extreme fear, “the chief enslaving force of mankind.” We find the extreme fear in the long history of the Islanders and in the reaction of one tribe to others. All the tribes of the Island are cannibals but only the Typee who has just peculiar ferocity is known as man-eaters because it is the typical “imputation of evil in man.” The fear is also shown when the escaping Tommo tries to dash the boat-hook at the pursuer Mow-Mow exerting all his strength. “He himself felt horror at the act he is about to commit.” There is the “interchangeability” of role between the native and Tommo. In “Benito Cereno” also, there is the “interchangeability” of role as the white and the black change atrocities and act the same. Melville uses the same motives, symbols in Typee as he uses in his later novels. Those are the escape from a whale boat to pursue a certain ideal, to meet the primitive man in the Eden-like garden, symbols of shark and verde-antique, a circular movement, the repetition of the same role between two enemies, summary of the entire meaning of a work by an incident. With all these it might be safe to say Typee is the main, germinal work of Herman Melville. Typee is the main novel of Melville both in view and technique. Melville begins his ‘Quarrel with God’ in the very first novel.
멜빌의 『피에르 : 혹은 그 모호성들』에 나타난 돌의 의미
조재진(Jo Jae-Jin) 새한영어영문학회 2004 새한영어영문학 Vol.46 No.3
There are many stone symbols and images in Herman Melville's Pierre. They are analyzed in Richard Fleck's paper but the objects treated in the analysis are very restricted. There are many more stone symbols such as a pebble, a stone wall, a quarry, the Pyramid and a sarcophagus than those studied by Fleck. This paper is to study Melville's Pierre: the Ambiguities by reanalyzing such rich stone symbols and images.<br/> It is said Melville's ultimate question is "Why does God permit evil?" Pierre also has to do with the quest for that "rationale of evil." By catching "frightening glimpses into a mind" Melville is on a quest to expose evil in the mind of Pierre.<br/> Pierre is extremely docile with his mother, which means he is dependent on her. When he encounters with the living result of his father's sin, he could not accept his father. He tries to heal his father's sin by sacrificing himself with a mock marriage to his step-sister Isabel. At last Pierre is surprised to realize there is a lust for Isabel behind his Christ-like self sacrifice.<br/> 'Pierre' means "stone" in French. He is also compared to a mason. He is a mason who digs into the heart of the stone, himself. He only finds there is layer on layer of stone. He realizes that virtue and vice are two shadows cast from one "nothingness" in the mist of ambiguities. Evil in humans is the inevitable condition of being man. Like a Memnon boy, he dies in the hopeless fight with his overmatch, the nature of humanity itself.