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주체사상의 비판적 연구 : 인간론을 중심으로 In the Center of a Theory of Human Nature
조상태 부산정치학회 1991 부산정치학회보 Vol.1991 No.3
마르크스의 사상은 유물론적 사고와 관념론적 사고의 양면성을 볼 수 있는 것도 사실이다. 주체사상은 여기서 자시들에게 유리한 것을 절취하여 수정하였으며, 신유학의 기론에 입각한 신분론을 개인숭배와 권력승계를 합리화 시키는데 이용하였으며 인간의 보편적 자주성, 창조성, 의식성을 수령의 자주성, 창조성, 의식성으로 전이시킴으로써 주체사상의 인간론을 수령적인간론과 수령의 교시를 받아 먹는 교시 흡수형 인간으로 2분화 시켰다. 이것은 서구의 고대 관념론에서 현대의 관념론에 이르는 관념론의 전통에서 볼 수 있는 인간관과 일치되는 것은 아니며 마르크스의 소외된 인간성의 회복을 위한 자연주의와 휴머니즘적 사고의 전통과는 완전히 동떨어진 북한식의 봉건적, 전근대적 성격을 띤 인간론이라 하겠다.
趙相泰 건국대학교 1988 論文集 Vol.27 No.1
Justice is one of the central topics of all political theory, but from origins to the present time we never conculded that what Justice is. The reason is tht each scholar define justice only in his own way and the definition about justice is very difficult. I am going to search for the origin of a word of justice and the concept of justice in Greek philosophy and Stoicism in my paper. At the same time I want to know a deep meaning of justice in ancient times now. From the origin of a word and the use of a word in early Greece, Justice was used as the cosmological moaning and the character of human nature were mixed. In pre - socratic ages, established the view of justice and he recognized the importance of mean, harmony and order. Plato's justice depends on Phytagoras' but the theoretical base of his justice is the theory of the Idea. Justice is the basic principle of Plato's nation - building, Plato's aim of nation - building is dependent on the happiness of the whole citizen. To get the whole happiness, each kind of man must mind hrs own business and then Plato's justice is accomplished. Aristotle's political philosophy is not basically different from Plato's but Aristotle's method is paractical and inductive. Aristotle speacks of justice as a proportion, both in distribution and retribution. Stoicism as a school of though was durable, cosmopolitan and diverse. The tenets of stoicism were not monotonously similar but we should evaluate a thought of natural right appropriate to each nation and revolutionary doctrine of human right in stoicism. Stoicism in Rome is eclectic for Rome Cicero is a reflector of Stoic Idea. Rome was large State but Cicero follows Plato's idea of justice as a kind of harmony similar in the individual and in the state. Justice is the constant and perpetual desire of giving to every man that which is due to him. This conception of justice neverthless appears again and again in the history of law down to the present time. On the other hand, the view of Plato's justice is criticized by K. Popper and Aristotle's justice is censured by Hans Kelsen. Nevertheless the value of ancient justice is never over looked in present times. John Rawls said that his theory of justic is not origin but classical and wall known from the preface of 「A Theory of Justice」. He understand the meaning of Aristotle's justice in page, 11, and evaluated Plato's justice in page 313. In conclusion, the conception of justice in contemporary political science never evercomes that of ancient justice, instead takes in it.
포퍼의 플라톤 정치철학 비판에 대한 小考-플라톤의 정의론을 중심으로
趙相泰 건국대학교 1988 論文集 Vol.26 No.1
This paper is intended to make clear that Plato's political philosophy is more available for our constructing the norms of life than Karl Popper's political thought. And it is also intended to explain that the ethos of modernity and the technomorphic culture are caused not by Plato's holistic and organic political philosophy but by Popper's automic and mechanic political thought (methodological nominalism). Therefore we recognize that Plato's political philosophy is not based on totalitarianism but some elements of western domocracy. Plato's justice is not totalitarian justice. It pursues the total happiness in the Republic and reaches at harmony through balance and adjustment within a member of a community. Plato's principle of an equality is baced on the principle of fairness that are on the side of fair distribution of property and duty in the capacity of citizen. Plato never agrees a natural privilege and a birth but he recognizes an aptitude (capacity) as a standard of an employment. After all he never wants the Caste system. Plato's myth means the national Unity and the security of a loyalty for a sound profit of nation, therefore, it is never regarded as political propaganda of political leaders. Plato's censorship is not enforced by an aesthetic standard and the restriction of liberty but a means for protecting the intellectual collapse of the Republic. It is different from a control of speech in totalitarianism spoken by Popper. Popper recognizes the existence of basic aim of a nation and he insists on the protection of liberty not to injure citizen. It's like Plato's opinion. The realization of human nature, the training of knowledge and the emphasis of rational education in Plato contribute to the establishment of democratic tradition. As the character of the open socity in ethical relativism is to have a many competitions and tension, so we have a strong doubt of happiness of all citizen in such a society. Plato's political philosophy has strong merits to solve the weak points of the open society. For them, he makes an attempt al the new change of human nature and makes a community ask for reason and philosophy Popper's critics of Plato's political philosophy failed, for the reason why Popper's logical thinking failed to notice the meaning of the unity of Plato's organic life.