동양미학과 예술로 보는 융합교육

장완석 ( Wansok Jang ) 서울敎育大學校 初等敎育硏究所 2014 한국초등교육 Vol.25 No.4

본 논문은 21세기 문화와 정보의 시대를 맞이하여 인문학과 예술 어떻게 융합교육을 하는 것이 바람직한 방향인가라는 고민에서 출발한다. 개인용 컴퓨터와 인터넷의 보급은 수많은 정보를 대중에게 빠르고 쉽게 전 달해주는 역할을 해왔다. 또 인터넷을 통해 다양한 문화가 세계 곳곳에 전달되었고, 이러한 빠른 정보와 문 화의 교류는 한층 더 빠르게 지구촌이 하나가 되도록 하였다. 그러나 사회와 자연 환경은 산업화 경제 개발 이라는 미명 하에 지속적으로 파괴되어 왔다. 그러한 과정 중에 인간은 자기반성을 통해 지속 발전 가능한 사회를 만들어가고자 하는 노력이 등장하였다. 서양 사회에서도 점차 변화가 감지되기 시작하였다. 서구 산업화 사회가 야기한 문제들로 감수성이 단절된 사회, 과거와 현재의 단절, 인간의 본성 상실 등을 말한다. 그 에 대한 대안으로 전인교육의 필요성과 인문주의의 이상을 말하고 있다. 이렇듯 인성을 상실해가는 사회로의 변화는 이미 기계화 산업화 사회가 심화되면서 점차 엄중해졌다. 동아시아 국가에서 서양적 산업화 경제 개 발은 양적인 성장을 거두었으나, 반면 자연 환경 파괴, 인간 소외 등 다양한 사회 문제를 야기한다. 이제 양 적 성장에서 질적 성장으로 변화해 가야 하는 시점이다. 이에 전통 문화를 되돌아보며, 그 속에 내포되어 있던 융합교육을 어떻게 활용할 수 있을지 논의하고자 한다. 지금 양에 대한 논제는 질의 논제로 인해 수그러들고 있다. 이러한 영향 속에서 최근 수년간 우리 사회 전반에서의 큰 화두 중 하나는 “융합”(Convergence) 이다. 학계에서도 소통, 학제 간 교류, 융·복합학 등 분야에 대한 연구가 점차 활발해지고 있다. 고대로부터 동양미학 특히 유가미학에서 인간을 이상적이고 완전한 인격체로 성장시키기 위해서는 예술 교육이 매우 중 요한 부분을 차지한다. “음악으로 (자아를) 완성하고”(成於樂), “예술에서 노닐다”(游於藝)는 孔子가 추구했던 전인교육, 융합교육의 완성이라 할 수 있다. 공자는 개인의 전면적 발전과 인간 감성의 현실적 가치와 의의를 매우 긍정하였다. 심미와 예술이 인간의 사상 정감을 도야시키며, 사회의 윤리 도덕규범으로 하여금 개체 의 자각적 심리 욕구의 중요한 수단이 되게 하였다. 이러한 예술 융합교육은 고대로부터 동양미학 사상에서 줄곧 강조해왔다. 동양의 전통 문화가 서양에서 다양한 문화상품 개발에 활용하고 있다. 유가, 불가, 도가사 상을 소재로 한 문화 콘텐츠들이 속속 등장하고 있다. 인문학과 예술 디자인 교육은 이러한 문화 콘텐츠 개 발에 필요한 융합학문임을 모두 인식하고 있다. 다양한 영역에서 활용되고 있는 미니멀리즘, 녹색 디자인, 웰 빙 디자인, 유니버설 디자인 또한 동양의 유·불·도의 인도주의와 자연주의 사상에서 그 연원을 찾아볼 수 있다. 이처럼 이제는 문화라는 정신적 가치가 문화산업이라는 물질적 가치로 전환되고 있다. The essay starts from a question of desirable course how we can extend the convergence education of humanities and arts in the 21th, facing the period of culture and information. The spread of personal computers and internet have played a role on rapidly and easily communicating the public lots of information. Furthermore, through internet a variety of cultures were delivered all over the world, and this rapid information and interchange of cultures much more rapidly make a global village into one. However, natural circumstances have been continually destructed in the name of industrialization economic development. In this process, through self-reflection, we try to make a community of sustainable development. In the western society this change began to be gradually perceived.In this influence, recently for a few years, one of great issues in our society is the term "Convergence." In the academic circles, inter-communication, joint programs, interdisciplinary interchange, inter-compound academy, etc. are gradually discussed. From the ancient times, the education of arts took a very important part in nurturing an ideal and complete personality in Oriental Aesthetics, especially Confucian Aesthetics. "To complete self by music (成於樂)"and "to ramble in arts(游於藝)" is possible to be the completion of education for the whole man and of convergence education that Confucius(孔子) sought after. Confucius "positively confirmed the full development of personality and the real value and significance of human emotion. He made the aesthetic and arts nurture human thought and emotion, and ethical and moral canons of society be main means to psychological desires of consciousness in personality." From the ancient times, this convergence education of arts has been continually emphasized in the thought of Oriental Aesthetics. The traditional culture of the Orient has already been used in the development of various cultural products. Cultural contents using the thoughts of Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism as their topics such as Matrix (1999) or Inception (2010) using Daoism and Kung Fu Panda (2008) or Avatar (2009) etc. using the thoughts of Confucianism and Buddhism are appearing one after another. It is recognized that the education of liberal arts and visual arts is convergence knowledge needed for the development of these cultural contents. The origin of Minimalism, Green Design, Wellbeing Design and Universal Design recently being used in various areas can be found in the idea of humanitarianism and naturalism of the East as well. In this way, now, spiritual value such as culture is being converted into material value like culture industry.

대학동문 태권도장 브랜드개성 및 명성과 브랜드동일시, 브랜드충성도 및 운동지속의도 간의 구조모형

장완석(Jang, Wan-Seog) 한국체육과학회 2013 한국체육과학회지 Vol.22 No.6

The purpose of this study was to investigate the casual relationship model among brand personality and prestige, brand identification, brand loyalty and exercise continuous intention of taekwondo alumni. The subjects of this study were collected 262 participating in taekwondo training in Seoul and Kyunggi-do. The survey questionnaires were used to collect the data. The questionnaires for the brand personality had been developed by Aaker(1997) & Kim(2010), brand prestige had been developed by Fombrun & Server(2000), Lee(2010), and brand identification had been developed by Yoon(2010), Lee & Rha(2002), and brand loyalty had been developed by Zeithaml, Berry & Parasuraman(1996). The statistical methods such as structural equation model analysis were used to analyze the collected data for the this research goal. From the analyses of the data, the study reached the following conclusions : First, there were showed in the structural relationship in the hypothesis1, 2 setting up this research. Second, there were not showed in the structural relationship in the hypothesis3 setting up this research. Third, there were showed in the structural relationship in the hypothesis4, 5 setting up this research.

사상 : 송대에 있어서 문인화와 원화의 관계에 관하여

장완석 ( Wan Sok Jang ) 온지학회 2004 溫知論叢 Vol.10 No.-

일반논문 : 성리학(性理學)과 산수화(山水畵)의 발전에 관한 연구 -송대를 중심으로

장완석 ( Wan Sok Jang ) 한국철학사연구회 2011 한국 철학논집 Vol.0 No.32

본 연구는 성리학과 문화예술이 밀접한 관계에 있다는 데에서 출발하며, 특히 송대에 흥성한 산수화의 발전에 이론적 근거가 되었음을 연구하였다. 성리학은 고대 동양사회의 정치, 경제, 사상, 문화 예술 심지어 생활에 전반에 걸쳐 근간을 이루어 왔던 유학의 새로운 경향이다. 성리학은 중국의 북송(北宋)대 다섯 학자인 주돈이, 소옹, 장재, 정호, 정이가 그 기틀을 새우고 남송(南宋)의 주희가 집대성한 학문이다. 중국의 원(元)나라를 통해 고려후기에 우리나라에 전래되어 조선의 건국의 기틀이 되었고, 퇴계 이황, 율곡 이이를 거쳐 ``문화 전반``에 미치지 않은 곳이 없게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 성리학과 예술론과 관계하여 격물치지, ``리``, 우주의식, ``생의``, ``기상``, ``예``와 ``도``의 관계 등이 산수화와 산수화론을 통해 어떻게 표현되었는지를 연구하였다. 산수화나 화조화에서도 신유학에서 말하는 천지의 ``생의``의 미와 ``어진 사람은 만물과 더불어 하나``라는 사상을 화폭에 표현하고자 노력하였다. 또한 시와 회화의 통일을 주장하였다. 동양에서는 송대 이전부터도 시와 회화의 관계를 중시했지만, 송에 이르러 시와 회화의 통일을 이루게 된다. 예를 들어, 명나라 때 조성된 졸정원(拙政園)과 같은 강남 정원 문화는 송대 산수화로부터 기인했다. 산수에서 등장하는 산속의 작은 정자나 가옥들이 정원에 옮겨진 것이다. 이는 곽희가 『임천고치』에서 말한 "가볼 수 있고, 바라볼 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 노닐 수 있고, 살 수 있는 곳"을 화폭 속에 그려야 한다는 것이 명·청대에 이르러서는 현실로 옮겨진 것이다. 또한 현대에 있어서는 환경디자인에 이르기까지 그 영향을 미친다고 할 수 있다. 이와 관련된 지속적인 연구는 앞으로 가상현실, 증강현실 등 디자인 발전 연구, 더 나아가 문화산업의 기초자료로서 복합학문, 학제간 교류에 있어서 없어서는 안 될 중요한 기초자료가 될 것이다. There were various linking points that connect Li xue(Neo-Confucianism) to aesthetics in Song Dynasty as following. 1. The traditional moral as "pursuing pleasure of Kong-zi and Yan Hui" 2. Esteem of "life and vitality". Scholars of Li xue in Song regarded the pleasure of acting up to "benevolence" as a beauty, and this benevolence originated in the "heaven and earth; the universe". "Benevolence", that is to say, is name of the nature that continuous reproduction breed in an endless succession by "Yin-Yang the universe", thus the natural "life and vitality" of the "heaven and earth" as the matter of course is the perfect beauty. 3. An idea of "serene contemplation". Originally the "serene contemplation" belongs to discipline of "Li xue", however simultaneously this conception was entirely applicable to aesthetic point of view. 4. Cosmological consciousness. In the same manner, the "pleasure" which is moralistic and moreover aesthetic is indivisible from cosmic contemplation itself. Because of this point, the art and aesthetics of Song Dynasty self-consciously had the cosmological consciousness in its fullness. 5. Respect of beauty of nature. Scholars of "Li xue" considered as: no matter what "Li" or "Qi" that producing all things is "coming of itself", that is by no means artificially operated or prearranged in advance. Such standpoint was applied to creative art and made art of Song Dynasty esteem beauty of nature (coming of itself) exceedingly. 6. Laying stress on "disposition". Scholars of "Li xue" ordinarily valued much of "disposition of a sage", consequently this tendency influenced on aesthetics. "disposition" indicates the whole impression that one who has appearance and the inside(personality, temper, thought, etc.) gives to others. By putting that impression into practice of art and literature, it is to materialize the works of art as a unity of form and subject, also as an expression of human existence that breathed into one`s sensibility on the whole. 7. Principles of "completing inquiry", "study the laws of nature by close access" of "Li xue". These principles made art and literature of Song Dynasty take a serious view of "Li" of all over the universe, so made them close investigate things, and after all have achieved very remarkable characteristic in art and literature, especially in paintings of Song Dynasty. Theory of painting in Song Dynasty had occupied considerably high position in Chinese aesthetic history. It was positively superior to former generations no matter what in quantity or in theoretical minuteness and its systematic level. Undoubtedly the Chinese theory of painting had been achieving development time after time since Song Dynasty. However if we could make a comparison it with every single period (ex. Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties), there is no prominent period than Song Dynasty in theory of paintings. Song period had number of essays of Landscape painting.

郭熙, 郭思 《林泉高致》美學思想

장완석 ( Wan Sok Jang ) 한국철학사연구회 2005 한국 철학논집 Vol.0 No.17

태권도장의 서비스품질이 관계마케팅, 고객만족 및 재방문의도에 미치는 영향

장완석(Wan Suk Jang),한진욱(Jin Wook Han),장명재(Myong Jae Jang) 한국사회체육학회 2011 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.45

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among service quality, satisfaction, relationship marketing, and revisit intention of customers of Taekwonddo Gyms in Korea. A total of 600 customers from 10 Taekwondo Gyms were selected using a convenient sampling method. 515 usable questionnaires were returned to the researchers. Data analyses were conducted for frequency analysis, descriptive analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling with PASW 18.0. The results of this study indicated that (1) service quality had a significant impact on customer relationship marketing, (2) service quality had a significant influence on satisfaction, (3) customer relationship marketing had a positive impact on revisit intention, (4) customer satisfaction had a positive influence on revisit intention, and (5) customer relationship marketing affected customer satisfaction. Practical implications of findings were discussed.

송대(宋代) 『선화화보(宣和畵譜)』를 통해 본 서론미학(畵論美學)

장완석 ( Wan Sok Jang ) 한국철학사연구회 2009 한국 철학논집 Vol.0 No.25

태권도장 서비스접점이 학부모만족과 애호도에 미치는 영향

이정학(Lee, Jeoung-Hak),장완석(Jang, Wan-Suk) 한국체육과학회 2012 한국체육과학회지 Vol.21 No.1

This research examines the influence of Taekwondo gym’s service encounter on parents-satisfaction, parents-loyalty and to understand the importance of service encounter and to provide basic data to come up with marketing strategy. Total of 400 questionnaires were given out to parents of children who are attending Taekwondo gym in Seoul and Gyeonggo-do area and 385 questionaries were collected. And 351 questionnaires were used as the final data and the result is as follows. For data analysis was made by PASW 18.0 performing frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results are as follow: First, among the sub-factors of Taekwondo gym’s service encounter, service effect had significant influence on parents-satisfaction. Second, among the sub-factors of Taekwondo gym’s service encounter, ability to listen service, Service performance, service enthusiasm and service effect had significant influence on cognitive loyalty in order. Third, among the sub-factors of Taekwondo gym’s service encounter, service effect, service enthusiasm and ability to listen service had significant influence on attitudinal loyalty in order.

박물관 문화상품 디자인 프레임워크에 관한 연구: 중국 박물관을 중심으로

왕정(Wang Zheng),장완석(Wansok Jang),반영환(Younghwan Pan) 대한인간공학회 2020 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.39 No.4

Objective: The purpose of study is to structure the design framework that helps design the cultural goods of the museum. It also verifies the usefulness of the framework through practical design application. Background: The cultural functions of modern museums extend to social functions such as popular science, education and entertainment in collections and exhibitions, giving visitors the opportunity to explore the meaning of collections in both historical and modern contexts. The museum"s experience changed from "object-centered" to "visitor experience". We need to study the design of cultural products considering the user"s perception. Method: In this paper, we trace the theoretical origin of the relevant cultural experience concept and use a semi-structured approach to historical reality. Through expert interviews, interview framework was created and theoretical framework of culture experience design method was constructed based on interview material. We collected data through field visits. Results: The framework is a structure that considers cultural factors to traditional design considerations. Cultural considerations take into account historical and popular culture. This is because culture is an issue of interpretation, and current pop culture is affected. It also considers the categories of products to be considered. The strategic aspect takes into account the target users of the product and the direction of the museum. Based on this information, design direction is established based on cultural assets and users" schemas for the categories considered, and product positions. Cultural assets can be unraveled into design attributes with stories, metaphors and images, and images are composed of shapes, patterns, colors and materials. Conclusion: This paper organized a framework to help design cultural products by systematically categorizing the concepts related to cultural experience and analyzing and interpreting the results of expert interviews. Application: This framework can be useful for designing cultural products in museums. When data is accumulated, guidelines for designing cultural products can be drawn.

태권도 웹사이트 서비스품질, 이용만족, 충성도 및 재방문 의도간의 관계

윤덕영(Yun, Deock-Young),한진욱(Han, Jin-Wook),장완석(Jang, Wan-Suk),장명재(Jang, Myoung-Jai) 한국체육과학회 2011 한국체육과학회지 Vol.20 No.6

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among service quality of Taekwondo website, users’ satisfaction, loyalty, and revisit intention. A total of 700 managers from Taekwondo training clubs was selected using a convenient sampling method. Finally, 557 usable questionnaires were returned to the researchers. Data analyses were conducted with PASW Statistics 18. The results of this study indicated that (1) service quality of the website had d a significant influence on users’ satisfaction, (2) service quality of the website significantly affected loyalty, (3) service quality of the website significantly affected revisit intention, (4) users’ satisfaction significantly affected loyalty, (5) users’ satisfaction significantly affected revisit intention, and (6) loaylty had a significant impact on revisit intention. Practical implications of findings were discussed.