제의적 정체성과 디아스포라 문학

장미영(Jang Miyeong) 한국언어문학회 2009 한국언어문학 Vol.68 No.-

Multi-cultural literature can be described as the 'diaspora literature' as the multi-cultural life is called 'Diaspora'. Diaspora was originally used as 'a positive meaning of migration and building of colony' after ancient Greeks had conquered, colonized Asia Minor expanding their power. In the latter half of 20th Century, Diaspora became to point out the people who left their own land for some reason and their experiences. Diaspora literature containing such a periodical distinction can work as a power to improve the reality with absurdity by communicating with the real world. This study deals with works focusing on Diaspora phenomenon within Korean peninsular. It is to examine Korean natives' view to Diaspora and immigrants' identity. The study aims at finding the inner problems existing in Korean society by endoscopic approach to multi-cultural identity. The result will be a philosophical value being able to pursue coexistent order and further to search for the way of groping the desirable multi-cultural identity passing through the whole society on the basis of communication and respect. The novel, 'a Wild rose' written by Jeong Do Sang emphasizes the fact that North Korean refugees and South Korean society use the same language in a same way. In addition, his novel values Korean foods represented by 'Zigge' and common feelings on the taste. His solution to the North Korean refugees can be possible only when there is a feeling of 'brothers' resulting in comfortable feelings of the North Korean refugees. This novel emphasize the need of the mythical consciousness by presenting the same cultural feelings. 'Namaste' written by Park Beom Sin shows the situation of foreign workers in Korea. World capitalism and the individual desire to search for the change of better life causes a rearrangement of a new international labor. It shows the real situation of worldwide diaspora by comparing the foreign workers in Korea with the Korean people in US. This novel suggests that the effort of the border riders as a minority has to be in a firm sociality rather than individual life. Cheon Un Young's novel, 'Good bye, Circus', is the first long story dealing with the immigrant female's identity. This novel expresses the coldness of the diaspora's life with a story of a Chinese Korean woman in a position of sales marriage giving up her own right for sexual self-determination. In this story, a woman is just regarded as a good in the market and becomes a victime of capitalism. Worldwide Diaspora is getting speedy, and the identity problem of race, nationality and ethnic groups are getting more serious. Identity is no longer attained naturally. Furthermore, diaspora makes a gap between the interpretation from individuals and that from groups. In order to keep a regime, there should be a definition of and an exclusion of unchastity, contamination, dirt and uncleanness. In the period of Diaspora of multi-culture, how Korean society define the related and unrelated person and make common basis? The Diaspora literature has a timely meaning which meet the serious request from such a reality.

다문화 공간과 타자성 사유 방식- 한국계 해외입양인 소설을 중심으로

장미영(Jang Miyeong) 한국문화융합학회 2018 문화와 융합 Vol.40 No.4

본 연구는 한국계 해외입양인(Korean overseas adult adoptee) 주인공 소설을 대상으로, 오늘날 일반적으로 사회적 소속감에 기반하고 있는 개인 정체성 개념의 문제점을 짚어내는데 그 목적이 있다. 이러한 목적은 정체성에 대한 기존의 인식들을 해체하며 정체성의 재-개념화 가능성을 탐색하려는 것이다. 이러한 본고의 작업은 아직까지 한국 사회에 강하게 버티고 있는 자민족 중심의 배타적 삶의 방식에서 벗어나 다문화 중심의 공동체적 삶에 대한 새로운 사유의 가능성을 제공하는 의미가 있다. 한국계 해외입양인(Korean overseas adult adoptee)이 주인공으로 등장하는 소설은 태생적으로 타자성, 외부성, 소수성을 사유할 수밖에 없는 다문화 공간을 배경으로 하고 있다. 다문화 공간이란 제노포비아(xenophobia)를 비롯한 각종 인종차별과 문화충돌 문제 등 다양한 현실적 갈등이 존재하는 곳이다. 이러한 다문화 공간에서의 삶이 보다 개선되고 보다 바람직한 건강성을 획득하기 위해서는 기존의 단일문화 공간에서의 삶과는 다른 새로운 대안적 모색이 필요하다. 한국계 해외입양인(Korean overseas adult adoptee)은 출생지의 문화와 입양지의 문화 간 차이뿐만 아니라 태어난 곳과 자란 곳 각각의 민족적 또는 국가적 삶의 방식이 상호 다르다는 것을 가장 먼저 외모에서부터 인정하지 않을 수 없는 존재이다. 이로써 한국계 해외입양인은 자기 문화와 타자의 문화, 자기 삶의 방식과 타자로서의 삶의 방식과 같은 이분법적 세계로부터 벗어나 어느 한쪽에 깃들 수 없는 경계인(boundarian)의 입장을 갖는다. 한 사람의 정체성은 서로 다른 배합에 따라서 정체성을 형성하는 여러 요소로 만들어진다. 정체성은 시대적 요구나 생애 주기에 따라 달라지기도 한다. 둘 이상의 복수 소속을 가진 경우는, 여러 가지 소속이 한 사람 안에서 융합되어 또 다른 새로운 정체성을 형성하게 된다. 따라서 정체성 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 한 개인의 정체성이 단순하게 한 집단에 소속되는 것만으로 정의되지 않는다는 것을 인지할 필요가 있다. 국경을 넘는 이주가 세계적으로 활발한 오늘날, 많은 이들의 정체성은 국가나 민족, 인종이나 종교만으로 단순히 규정될 수 없다. 인간의 삶은 애착을 가질만한 가치가 있는 것들 속에서 정신적인 변화를 겪고, 자신이 몸 담고 있는 공간 속에서 지속적인 영향을 받으며 새롭게 갱신되어 나가는 여정이기 때문이다. 전지구적 이주가 보편화되고 있는 현 시점에서 한국 사회는 다문화의 소통과 공존을 위한 새로운 사유 방식이 절실한 상황이다. 이에 본고는 한국계 해외입양인소설을 통해 다문화 공간에 대한 새로운 인식의 재고를 위해 적극적이고도 실천적인 시사점을 찾고자 하는 것이다. This paper is to point out problems in the concept of an individual identity that is based on the social sense of belonging generally today aimed at novels whose heroes or heroines are Korean overseas adult adoptees. Accordingly, this paper is to seek the possibility of re-conceptualization of an identity while breaking down existing perceptions about an identity. Such a job in this paper is to offer the possibility of new reasoning concerning a new communal life focused on multi-culture by overcoming the ethnocentric exclusive way of life that still exists stubbornly in Korean society. Novels in which Korean overseas adult adoptees appear as heroes or heroines have a background of a multi-cultural space that cannot help but have reasoning otherness, externality, and minority attributes inherently. A multi-cultural space is a place where various realistic conflicts involving various types of racial discrimination such as xenophobia and cultural conflicts exist. In order to have a life in such a multi-cultural space further improved and to obtain more desirable soundness, it is necessary to seek a different new alternative that is different from the life in the existing single cultural space. Korean overseas adult adoptees are beings who cannot help but admit to not only a difference between the culture of their birth places and the culture of their adopted places but also the fact that each of the ethnic or national life patterns of their birth places and growing places are mutually different beginning from their appearance. In this way, Korean overseas adult adoptees should be in a position of a boundarian who is very likely not to lean on any side while avoiding a dualistic world such as their culture or another’s culture and their lifestyles or another’s lifestyles. This is because In order for them to live a healthy life, prejudice against and bias about otherness and other cultures should be as little as possible. An identity of one person is made by various factors that create an identity in accordance with different combinations. An identity becomes also different by the demand of the times or a life cycle. In case of having more than two belongings, various belongings are converged in one person, thereby creating another identity. Therefore, so as to solve an identity issue, there is a need for perceiving that an identity of one person is not defined simply by belonging to one group. Today, in which Immigration over borders occurs very actively, the identities of many people cannot be simply defined only by country, ethnicity, or race. The life of a human experiences mental change in valuable things that are worthy to be attached affectionately. Also, it is an itinerary on which a person receives effects consistently in a space where he or she belongs, and keeps being renewed. At this point when global immigration has become common, it is imperative to have a new type of reasoning for communications and coexistence of multi-culture in Korean society. Subsequently, this paper is to discover practical implications to propose a direction of a new perception about multi-cultural space through novels about Korean overseas adult adoptees.